Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2084153282> ?p ?o ?g. }
- W2084153282 endingPage "74" @default.
- W2084153282 startingPage "55" @default.
- W2084153282 abstract "Regulation of body fluid homeostasis appears simple at first sight since daily sodium and water intake equals daily sodium and water output. The mechanisms enabling the body to excrete exactly the ingested and metabolically produced amounts of water and sodium are, however, complex and not completely understood. The factors regulating body fluid homeostasis may grossly be divided into humoral and physical factors. The former comprises among others the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), arginine vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), and prostaglandins. The physical factors relate primarily to renal function and factors regulating osmotic pressure. Approximately 60% of body weight is water, which may be subdivided into intracellular volume (ICV) (40%) in which potassium and phosphate are the predominant cation and anion, respectively, and extracellular volume (ECV) (20%) dominated by sodium and chloride. ECV may further be subdivided into interstitial volume(15%) and plasma volume (PV) (5%) [1]. In principle ECV constitutes the internal environment, which is responsible for the transport of ions, nutrients and hormones vital to the cells. This term was introduced by the French physiologist, Claude Bernard, in 1885. The osmotic concentrations of ECV and ICV are equal under steady-state conditions, but any change result in an osmotic gradient and an immediate flux of water along this gradient until equilibrium is restored [2]. Hence a considerable passage of water occurs across the cell membrane, exemplified by the fact that the water content of an erythrocyte is exchanged 100 times per second without any netmovement of water [3]. Water passes mainly the cell membrane through protein channels, which in turn are influenced by osmotic differences generated by facilitated diffusion and active transport across the cell membrane. A normal subject ingests 2100ml water daily and synthesizes additionally 200ml by oxidation. Daily fluid output in a normal subject includes 700ml from the skin and lungs, 200ml from faeces, and sweat and a urinary output of 1400ml [4]. Between 5 and 10% of total body water is exchanged daily in healthy adults [1]. Total body water (TBW) is traditionally estimated by isotopic dilution. ECV and PV may also be estimated using this principle, whereas ICV assessment is calculated indirectly by combining measurements of TBW and ECV. The role of GH in this complex system is not fully established, but several reports suggest that it is important in body fluid regulation. More than 70 years ago anterior pituitary extracts were shown to induce fluid retention in rats [5] and two decades later GH-induced sodium and fluid retention was also demonstrated in man [6–8]. The sodiumand water-retaining effects of GH have subsequently been confirmed in several studies in normal man, in acromegalic patients and in GH-deficient patients [9–15]. Despite methodological heterogeneity most authors seem to agree that body fluid volume is decreased in GH-deficient adults and that GH treatment normalizes body fluid volume in these patients. There is also agreement that GH causes volume expansion, when administered in pharmacological doses to normal subjects and when secreted in excess in active acromegaly. Regarding the underlying mechanisms attention has focused on direct cellular action of GH [14] and a possible GH-induced stimulation of the renin–angiotensin– aldosterone system (RAAS) [8]. More recently other hormonal systems such as ANF [15], the prostaglandins [16], IGF-I [17], and nitric oxide [18] have been suggested to be involved. At present the sodium and fluidretaining effect of GH seems indisputable, whereas the underlying mechanisms appear to be diverse. www.elsevier.com/locate/ghir Growth Hormone & IGF Research 13 (2003) 55–74" @default.
- W2084153282 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2084153282 creator A5044905361 @default.
- W2084153282 date "2003-04-01" @default.
- W2084153282 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2084153282 title "Effects of growth hormone on fluid homeostasis. Clinical and experimental aspects" @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1501800471 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1512928934 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1605649267 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1682243525 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1722734302 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1783168752 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1791016251 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1792670415 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1851747150 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1862632621 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1867440159 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1881618187 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1964802361 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1966225274 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1968820992 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1969288399 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1970181501 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1971162897 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1971376677 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1972877141 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1976935047 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1978456006 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1980719242 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1981634631 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1987420646 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1988436609 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1989891542 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1990348668 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1996717405 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W1997583335 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2000060815 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2000607618 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2004204631 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2004266110 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2006192343 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2006497840 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2007069197 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2009073339 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2009298935 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2011435635 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2012041356 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2012805787 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2015684290 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2015705350 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2017272790 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2020108509 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2021368986 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2022101319 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2022317574 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2022516052 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2024067973 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2025493192 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2025999464 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2026050417 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2026594992 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2026976157 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2030383062 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2031283114 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2031639163 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2034104919 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2034230657 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2034407421 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2035118791 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2036408819 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2036817575 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2037887467 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2038281346 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2038537588 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2039558703 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2039977340 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2044774293 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2044869926 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2044932563 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2046043073 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2049096904 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2049237461 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2049954319 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2050237842 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2051076996 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2052097767 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2053130694 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2053814268 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2054229227 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2056415845 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2057641167 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2058879329 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2060584856 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2062221617 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2064309778 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2066396495 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2066409356 @default.
- W2084153282 cites W2066493066 @default.