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• W2085215946 abstract "After a careful examination of the literature, we have concluded that few studies meet minimum standards of adequacy. The studies on smoking and personality typically suffer from the following inadequacies: 1. Subject variables. Little attention is paid to the fact that important differences exist in smoking behavior as a function of age, socio-economic status, family smoking habits, occupation, and religion. 2. Measurement of smoking behavior. When classified according to smoking behavior, various studies not only use different criteria but also make use of what appears to be illogical criteria. 3. Independent variables. Scores on personality tests are frequently used as the independent variable. However, little or no attention—and worse yet, mere lip service—might be paid to such things as (a) defensiveness, (b) the unavailability of norms that are adequate for the various age, sex, and socio-economic groups, (c) the effects of different administrations and settings on the tests, and (d) the validity and reliability of the tests that are used. 4. Statistical evaluation. Statistical analyses have been performed (typically, t-tests are used) without taking into consideration the fact that a number of the independent variables are significantly intercorrelated, and that each may actually represent a somewhat different way of measuring the very same variable. Also, large numbers of tests of significance may be made and no mention of this fact is found. Instead, the significant findings alone may be detailed. 5. Derivation of hypotheses. Hypotheses are not derived from theoretical formulations, and little attention is paid to the data that are available in other areas, e.g. child and adolescent development, sociology, group dynamics. However, there are a few exceptions, notably the use of psychoanalytic formulations. A few authors have attempted to utilize psychoanalytic constructs and to explain smoking behavior as a function of them [30, 31]. Here, though, we have serious questions about the meaningfulness of an independent variable that is studied in retrospect. There is little ground to assume that the reports about the behavior of parents are accurate ones, and we have little faith in the assumption that fantasy reports are as useful as veridical ones [30]. Thus, it is clear that little experimental expertise is reflected in the work on smoking and personality. While the more recent studies [32, 33] appear to be more sophisticated, there is room for much improvement." @default.
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• W2085215946 date "1971-03-01" @default.
• W2085215946 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2085215946 title "Smoking and personality: A methodological analysis" @default.
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• W2085215946 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(71)90011-7" @default.
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