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• W2085382357 abstract "Michael Akam Department of Genetics University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EH England In Drosophila, homeotic genes of the Antennapedia (ANT- C) and Bithorax (BX-C) complexes specify the distinctions between different segments of the body. Each of these genes contains a conserved DNA sequence, the homeo- box, that encodes a DNA binding homeodomain in the protein. When the homeobox was first identified, it was hailed as a motif unique to segmentation genes (Gehring, 1987). It is now clear that homeoboxes are present in a wide range of eukaryotic regulatory genes. Yet results on the detailed structure, organization, and expression of An- tennapedia (An@)-like genes in vertebrates (Gaunt et al., 1988; Duboule and Dolle, 1989; Graham et al., 1989) sug- gest that the vertebrate Hox clusters containing these genes are true homologs of the insect homeotic gene complexes (HOM-C). It appears that both HOM-C and Hox contain, in the same chromosomal order, the descendants of a gene family whose main members were already dis- tinct when insect and vertebrate lineages diverged. Moreover, corresponding genes of the vertebrate and in- sect complexes show the same relative boundaries of ex- pression along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis of the de- veloping embryo. It is hard to escape the conclusion that insects and vertebrates have inherited from a common an- cestor a conserved molecular representation of front, mid- dle, and back. The Antp homeodomain adopts in solution a conforma- tion closely similar to the helix-turn-helix structure of bac- terial repressor proteins (Otting et al., 1988). Limited se- quence similarity underlies this common structure, but these critical residues are encoded by virtually all homeo- boxes, and are also seen in the yeast mating type proteins (Scott et al., 1989), suggesting that all these proteins uti- lize variants of the same DNA binding domain. The first homeoboxes to be identified were detected by DNA hybridization with Antp-like probes, and so of neces- sity were relatively similar in sequence to An@. As more divergent homeoboxes are detected by direct comparison of sequence data, it is becoming harder to define pre- cisely what is and what is not a homeobox. At the end of the day (and particularly when higher plants have been adequately screened), the family of homeodomain pro- teins may merge indistinguishably with other helix-turn- helix proteins that show no more homology to Antp than they do to the yeast mating type proteins. In Drosophila the most divergent members of this family have no func- tional association with segmentation, and in vertebrates they include both general and cell-type-specific transcrip- tion factors. While the homeodomain may characterize" @default.
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• W2085382357 date "1989-05-01" @default.
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• W2085382357 title "Hox and HOM: Homologous gene clusters in insects and vertebrates" @default.
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• W2085382357 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90909-4" @default.
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