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• W2085689324 abstract "Young, A. G. & Clarke, G. M. Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations. , editors. 2000 . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, United Kingdom . 438 pp. $110.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0-52178207-4 . $39.95 (paperback). ISBN 0–521–79421–8. Book reviews can be like film reviews in that when the review is too positive, the reader often will doubt the sincerity or motivation of the reviewer. This book has so few shortcomings that (alas!) I am almost sorry to report that I must give it four stars. The result of a 1998 symposium, this volume provides an excellent overview of conservation genetics, population biology, and habitat fragmentation. Conservation biology is so closely linked to the fragmented landscape that this work is relevant to many subdisciplines. Introductory chapters review basic population genetic and demographic principles related to conservation. Later chapters provide excellent geographic representation of organisms and authors; illustrate the use of a variety of experimental genetic, demographic, and ecological techniques; and give examples from a broad array of taxa. Books on the science of conservation biology are becoming quite common. This one is different, however, in that it illustrates the relevance of habitat fragmentation within the context of the science rather than applying the science to the situation. As the field of conservation biology has matured, there has been much debate about the respective value of genetic and demographic data ( Lande 1988; Caughley 1994). The introduction to this book emphasizes a productive approach that downplays rivalries among the fields of ecology and population genetics and emphasizes their respective roles in determining the demographic viability of populations within a fragmented landscape. I cannot overemphasize that this volume provides one of the most geographically, taxonomically, and theoretically complete syntheses to date of the topic of habitat fragmentation and the health of organismal populations. The authors have varied perspectives but all agree on one thing, which I wholeheartedly endorse: the need for the integration of a variety of sources of data. Chapters 2 through 7 set the stage by providing a theoretical context for the case studies that follow. Sherwin and Moritz emphasize the importance of recognizing that there is a diversity of responses to fragmentation among species and that different methods may be appropriate in assessing optimal fitness. They cover basic principles of population genetics and identify the utility of measuring and preventing the genetic erosion of populations. We are reminded that although measurable genetic variation is often a surrogate for adaptive variation, it provides an important indicator of gene flow and variation. Further, Sherwin and Moritz provide an assessment of situations in which lost genetic variation may be replaceable and those in which it may not be replaceable. A particularly important recommendation is to not only maintain gene flow but also maintain populations in different habitats and with different ecological amplitudes. Dusash and Fenster cover some basic population genetics as well, but use their elegant experiments with Chamaecrista fasciculata to show that a single species can experience both inbreeding and outbreeding depression, depending on the landscape scale of the fragmentation. Holsinger makes the excellent and quantitatively supported point that if year-to-year demographic variability is much greater than average annual growth rates, the population will decline to extinction whether the effects on the population are deterministic or stochastic. A general review of metapopulation biology in a conservation context is provided by Thrall et al., who identify the difficulty of finding populations with long-term viability to serve as source populations. I particularly liked their emphasis on the need for integration of data from the genetic through the community levels. The need for an up-to-date assessment of population viability analysis ( PVA) is satisfied by Burgman and Possingham, who provide the history, development, shortcomings, and management limitations of PVA. Refreshingly, rather than simply criticizing the technique, Burgman and Possingham provide a thorough set of guidelines to be used in the implementation of PVA. Hedrick contradicts the assertion that molecular data have limited use in conservation by using such data from winter-run salmon, Mexican wolves, and bonytail chub to demonstrate that it can provide insights not otherwise available. The second section of the book has six chapters of various case studies of animal species. The 15-year data set on Red-cockaded Woodpeckers by Daniels et al. illustrates the value of integrating demographic and simulation data to assess the interactive effects of social complexity and spatial structure on inbreeding. The holistic approach of Daniels and colleagues adds to the increasing number of examples in which the negative effects of genetic variation are caused by the combined interaction of inbreeding depression and demography. One of the most interesting case studies in the text is provided by Srikwan and Woodruff, who studied a wide array of small-mammal taxa in a rare situation with pre- and post-fragmentation genetic data. Skikwan and Woodruff found that, in some cases, genetic effects were greater than demographic effects, and vise-versa. This important study enforces the idea that genetic variation can be eroded by fragmentation in most cases, but it also provides an example in which a species is favored by fragmentation. Not without rival in importance and complexity is a study on bush rats by Lindenmayer and Peakall. Their work emphasizes that the effects of fragmentation cannot be assessed through the disruption of natural pattern, but rather it is a complex interaction of disturbance regimes, patch size, and landscape-level context. Dietz et al. illustrate the importance of studying all demographic groups within a species to determine the effects of fragmentation on the population viability of wild golden lion tamarins. Invertebrates are represented in a chapter by Clarke that underscores the importance of understanding the interactive effects of the spatial structure of populations, demographics, and genetics in predicting population decline. The allozyme data provided by Clarke again highlights the usefulness of genetic data in supplementing or strengthening demographic data. Gutierrez-Espelata et al. provide a descriptive study of genetic variation within and among desert bighorn sheep populations that has important implications for managed gene flow. Plant studies, again, emphasize the importance of the diversity of organismal responses to fragmentation. Kelly et al. use demographic and ecological data to show that limited fragmentation can help the dispersal of a species of New Zealand mistletoe declining as a result of decreased predation and increased pollination. Whelan et al. skillfully use AFLP, demographic, and ecological data from a member of the Proteaceae to emphasize the interactive effects of fragmentation and type of plant mating system on plant-animal interactions. Richards uses inbreeding, gene flow, demographics, and simulation data in isolated colonies of Silene alba to provide a case study of the importance of altering model factors, such as population size, migration distance, and inbreeding, over a number of generations to detect the long-term effects of fragmentation. Not surprisingly, the widelyspaced distribution of the dry-forest tree species Swietenia humilis in Central America illustrates the use of microsatellite data to determine that a highly fragmented landscape does not necessarily serve as a barrier to gene flow, although rarer alleles can be lost. Oostermeijer focuses on a rare, perennial herb (Gentiana pneumonanthe), which some readers initially may find of limited application, but the well-integrated data set prepares the stage for hypothesis testing at the next, more complex level. Oostermeijer uses a matrix model supported by his demographic data to conclude that (1) ecological conditions are important in initial regeneration, (2) inbreeding has important implications for the growth of small populations, and (3) the reinforcement of small populations may be necessary on some landscapes. Young et al. use PVA and allozyme and S-allele erosion data in populations of the grassland herb Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides to predict the reduced viability of this species in a fragmented landscape. The greatest strength of this book is its theoretical and empirical integration of population genetic and demographic data to assess the persistence and evolutionary viability of populations in fragmented landscapes. There is no question that this volume will be valuable for teaching seminars in applied population genetics and advanced conservation biology. The four-star rating should be reserved for the best; in my mind, there is no question that this volume has earned all four." @default.
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• W2085689324 title "Four Stars for a Book on Fragmented Populations" @default.
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