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- W2087224148 abstract "The chapter provides an overview of blood in birds. The composition and roles of avian plasma is considered. This includes the circulating electrolytes, nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acids), and other small organic molecules (e.g. uric acid and urea). Moreover, the concentrations, composition, and roles of the multiple plasma proteins are discussed. This encompasses the roles of specific transport proteins such as transferrin, ceruloplasmin, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, and retinol-binding protein. Furthermore, avian immunoglobulins are discussed. The structure of erythrocytes of birds is outlined. Unlike the situation in most mammals, avian erythrocytes have nuclei. Consideration is given to erythrocyte transcription, lifespan, production including the role of the stimulatory hormone—avian erythropoietin, metabolism, and number. The erythrocyte functions to transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin and to facilitate carbon dioxide transport by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase generating carbonic acid and hence bicarbonate ions. The role of hemoglobin is discussed including adaptations to high altitudes and shifts during embryonic development. Essential to the transport of carbon dioxide are the anion transporters and the sodium/potassium transporter. Avian blood contains leukocytes and thrombocytes. There are five types of leukocytes, namely: heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. The structure, number, production, and functions of these are discussed. Unlike the situation in mammals, avian thrombocytes are nucleated cells. As would be expected, these function to cause blood clotting. In addition, they have a series of immune functions. Avian blood is employed in biomedical models including β-adrenergic receptors, transgenic chickens, the avian IgY antibodies, and nutritional models." @default.
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- W2087224148 date "1989-08-01" @default.
- W2087224148 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W2087224148 title "Letter to the Case" @default.
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- W2087224148 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0344-0338(89)80271-7" @default.
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