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• W2087413371 abstract "In order to assess environmental quality and identifypollution sources, many kinds of molecular makers havebeen developed. For example, linear alkylbenzenes havebeen used as molecular tracers of domestic wastes (Chalauxet al., 1995; Ishiwatari et al., 1983); stanol and stenol forfecal pollution (Gagosian et al., 1979; Leeming et al.,1996); and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) foroil finger printing (Kennicutt et al., 1994; Yunker et al.,1996).Li et al. (2004a) reported that industrial wastewater is amajor source of nonylphenol in Korea, and concentrationsof nonylphenol determined in industrial areas are severalhundred times higher than those obtained in municipalareas. Nonylphenol is a degradation product of nonylphe-nol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), which is a surfactant used inindustry and household (Giger et al., 1984; Isobe et al.,2001). Due to toxicity and endocrine disruption resultingfrom the degradation products of NPEOs (Hemmeret al., 2002), these substances are no longer used in domes-tic applications in many developed countries. For example,the production and usage of NPEOs has been banned orrestricted in some countries, including the USA and EU(Renner, 1997). However, NPEOs are still in use as indus-trial detergents in the metal, paper and textile industries insome countries, including Korea, because they are inexpen-sive and have excellent cleaning properties. Hence nonyl-phenol and nonylphenol monoethoxylate were used asmolecular tracers of industrial pollution in this study.Coprostanol and related sterols are generally used asmolecular markers for tracing domestic pollution, such ashuman fecal pollution. Coprostanol is produced from thehydrogenation of cholesterol by bacteria in the humandigestive system (Martin et al., 1973; Rosenfeld and Galla-gher, 1964). High levels of coprostanol have been deter-mined in human and mammalian fecal material anddomestic waste waters (Leeming et al., 1996; Jeng et al.,1996). To study pollution sources in the environment, acritical analysis of the sterol group is required becausethe sterols are produced by various organisms and theircompositions vary accordingly (Leeming et al., 1996).Based on sterol composition, the relative contributionsfrom multiple sources of various organic matters (marine,terrestrial, natural and anthropogenetic inputs) can bedetermined (Hudson et al., 2001). In this study, we onlyanalyzed coprostanol, because our main intention was toinvestigate human fecal pollution sources. The study area(Kyeonggi Bay) is in a coastal zone surrounded by indus-trial and housing complexes, both of which are substantialcontributors to local pollution. Eleven phenolic com-pounds and coprostanol were analyzed from sediment sam-ples; nonylphenol and coprostanol were used as industrialand fecal pollution tracers, respectively.Surface sediment samples were collected from 33 sites inMay 2003, as shown in Fig. 1. Stations K1 to K6 werelocated in the Han River estuary area, which is the biggestriver in South Korea; stations K8 and K9 were located inIncheon North Harbor (INH); stations K7 and K10 werelocated in the mouth of INH; and stations K11 to K20were located along the waterway of INH, except for K18,located in Incheon South Harbor (ISH). Drain-outletpumping out industrial waste water produced from the Shi-hwa industrial complex is located nearby to station K30,and stations K28 to K32 were thus exposed to this. Theremaining stations (K21 to K27 and K33) are located farfrom suspected pollution sources. Global positioning sys-tem (GPS) was used to locate the sample positions. Thesediment samples were sampled with a van-Veen grab,and surface sediments ( 2 cm) were collected in glass bot-tles with a Teflon lined cap. Immediately after collection,samples were frozen on dry ice to protect them from microbiodegradation, then transferred to the laboratory andstored at 20 C until analysis.For alkylphenols (APs), chlorophenols and bisphenol A(BPA), sediment samples were analyzed according to themethods of Li et al. (2001, 2003). Briefly approximately3 g wet sediment was placed in a 50 mL Teflon centrifugetubewithaTefloncap.After theaddition ofsurrogate stan-dards (heptylphenol and bisphenol A-d" @default.
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• W2087413371 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2087413371 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2087413371 title "Application of nonylphenol and coprostanol to identification of industrial and fecal pollution in Korea" @default.
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• W2087413371 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.022" @default.
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