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• W2088578093 abstract "Abstract Electron spectroscopy can now be applied to solids, liquids and gases. Some fields of research require ultrahigh vacuum conditions, in particular those directly concerned with surface phenomena on the monolayer level. Liquids have recently been subject to studies and several improvements and extensions of this technique can be done. Much advance has lately been achieved in the case of gases, where the pressure range presently is 10 –5 − 1 torr. Signal-to-background ratios for core lines can be ˜ 1000:1 and the resolution has been increased to the extent that vibrational fine structures of 1s levels in some small molecules have been observed. These improvements are based on the monochromatization of the exciting AlK α radiation. Under such conditions the background is so much reduced that shake-up structures are more generally accessible for closer studies. ESCA shifts are also much easier to resolve and to measure with higher precision around 0.02 eV. It is interesting to compare the results from electron spectroscopy with those recently obtained from X-ray emission spectra of free molecules. By means of grating at grazing incidence a resolution has been obtained at a sufficient intensity to record not only transitions from resolved molecular orbitals to the 1s levels but also in some cases vibrational fine-structures inside such separate lines. The photoionization dynamics including atomic and molecular relaxations have been investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. In the valence electron region improvements in energy resolution and in the application of the intensity model based on the MO-LCAO approximation greatly facilitate the assignments of the valence orbitals. Accumulation of empirical evidences gathered from series of similar chemical species and also better methods of calculation, both ab initio and semi-empirical, have gradually resulted in a much better understanding of the molecular orbital description. The experience of the latest ESCA instrument with monochromatization has motivated an attempt to design an optimized apparatus according to the general principles of this prototype. A considerable gain in intensity can be made at an improved resolution set by the inherent diffraction pattern of the focussing spherical quartz crystals." @default.
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• W2088578093 date "1976-01-01" @default.
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• W2088578093 title "Electron Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure" @default.
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• W2088578093 doi "https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197648010077" @default.
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