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• W2088654551 abstract "Reply to Henry I. MillerHenry I. Miller's views on Indian biotechnology policy are distorted. Agriculture using transgenic seeds has become more productive and cost-effective but the capabilities in genetic engineering have led to the emergence of newer regulatory laws requiring closer scrutiny of transgenic plants on a case-by-case basis. Every country requires safety data to ensure environmental and human food safety. Food produced from transgenic seeds contains transgenic materials including transnucleic acids and might contain detectable quantities of transgenic proteins. Food produced from processed transgenic seeds might also contain such materials. Therefore the safety of such genetically modified (GM) food must be established – even if foods have been rated as ‘safe’, consumers have the right to choose.The main food safety questions addressed concern allergenicity and toxicity. India has authorized the use of adult lab animals, including mouse, rat, rabbit and guinea pig in feeding studies to assess toxicity. Animal models with goat, cow, buffalo, chicken and catfish have also been authorized and Brown Norway rats have been recommended for allergenicity evaluation because they produce a more reliable immunoglobulin E (IgE) response.Governments are required to create competence for detecting transgenic traits in food materials, available either in potential propagating forms such as seeds or as processed materials. The Indian government is therefore enhancing its core competence in its institutions in order to generate enough scientific capabilities to detect and estimate transgenic traits in food materials. The aim is not only to have more information about products but also to handle adverse situations that might later emanate from their use.The reality of dealing with transgenic food is far from ideal. Genetically engineered corn containing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry9c gene, popularly known as Starlink corn, was not released for human consumption but became mixed up in many corn consignments meant for human consumption. Shipments of agricultural commodities can be contaminated with transgenic materials if specific segregation methods are not adhered to.Every country is to keep a close watch on the GM materials authorized for use. In this context, any country should possess strong competence for detecting and quantitatively estimating genetic traits to identify and ascertain whether any untoward effects are associated with the transgenic materials.The Indian government is enhancing its core competence for detecting transgenic proteins as well as transgenic nucleic acid sequences in materials that might contain transgenic traits. We identified and funded four institutes, two for developing competence for detecting trans-proteins and two for detecting and quantitatively estimating trans-nucleotide sequences. We have allocated ∼US$200 000 for this, reflecting our aim of long-term competence in this area.The new plants produced by breeding methods are not the same as those produced by the application of genetic engineering methods, although the latter use techniques that are more precise for the transfer of trans-nucleotide sequences into target hosts. The long-term effect of ‘unnatural mixing’ of genes among sexually non-compatible organisms cannot be predicted over a short period of a couple of years.The transgenic brinjal plant (Solanum melongena) containing a Bt gene was planted in India in 1996 in a manner that could enable the flow of transgenic pollens to long distances. Brinjal is a cross-pollinated plant. In 1996, when much less was known about Bt genes, it was felt that the transfer of the pollens to wild close relatives of Solanum species abundantly available in the wild Indian environment and also non-transgenic Solanum counterparts could create risky situations. The plantations made were not authorized and were therefore uprooted and destroyed in accordance with the regulations. Other violations were also tackled within the legal framework and a transparent system has been established in the country. If any plant breeding program develops a variety or a hybrid that is not useful and is of risk in the environment or in food, then this would not be authorized for use either in India or in any country, even though it might be non-transgenic.Viral, microbial and parasitic diseases exist in most developing countries. There are as yet no modern biotech solutions for eradicating many of these diseases. However, India is working to discover preventive solutions. Four companies are currently producing at least one viral vaccine for protection against hepatitis B. Since Indian entry into this product market in August 1997, the unit cost of the vaccine has fallen from US$10 per single adult dose to ∼US$1. Chemotherapeutic drugs for the control of other diseases such as malaria and filaria are abundantly available in India from local production facilities at the cheapest prices.Biotechnology is characterized by fierce competition. Only those countries with a competitive edge will be able to take advantage. Countries must ensure that they have the necessary technological and legal structures in place and we believe our policies and preparation are moving India in the right direction." @default.
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• W2088654551 date "2002-09-01" @default.
• W2088654551 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2088654551 title "India's wasteful war on biotechnology: Response from Prasanta K. Ghosh" @default.
• W2088654551 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(02)02012-7" @default.
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