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• W2088897561 abstract "Calcareous freshwater streams near Bad Urach, southwest Germany, were studied to determine the environmental limits to cyanobacterial calcification. Daily variations in temperature, pH, calcium concentration, and alkalinity were measured at seasonal intervals from September 1993 to January 1995 in two small woodland streams with lengths of 1.0 and 1.5 km. The principal cause of supersaturation in these fast-flowing streams is inorganic carbon dioxide outgassing from resurging groundwater, locally enhanced by turbulence at waterfalls and cascades. Photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide and temperature effects are negligible. Nonetheless, organic substrates, particularly cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats and biofilm, significantly localize precipitation by providing suitable nucleation sites. Precipitation rates on artificial substrates, up to 2.2 mm/yr on limestone, correlate with high Saturation Index values. Copper substrates inhibited microbial colonization and received negligible encrustation. Tufa formation and external calcium carbonate encrustation of cyanobacteria are conspicuous where the annual WATEQ4F Saturation Index exceeds 0.8, and are slightly below 0.7. Calcium carbonate impregnation of cyanobacterial sheaths has not been observed. We infer that in these fast-flowing streams cyanobacteria utilize CO2 in photosynthesis whereas elsewhere, in sluggish freshwater, cyanobacteria utilize HCO3−, leading to sheath impregnation by calcium carbonate even where Saturation Index is only 0.2–0.3. Thus, photosynthetic influence on cyanobacterial calcification appears to be negligible in fast-flowing CO2-rich streams and cyanobacterial calcification takes the form of external encrustation. In slow-flowing CO2-poor streams and lakes cyanobacteria preferentially utilize bicarbonate and sheath impregnation can result. Modern tropical marine carbonate shelves have saturation indices commonly in the range 0.62–0.82 and cyanobacterial calcification is negligible. Extrapolation suggests that cyanobacterial calcification could occur in present-day seas if Saturation Index exceeded 0.8. This level, corresponding with heavy calcification in the freshwater streams studied, may have been widespread in marine environments in the geological past at times when calcified cyanobacteria and environmentally influenced non-skeletal calcium carbonate precipitates were abundant." @default.
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• W2088897561 date "1999-07-01" @default.
• W2088897561 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2088897561 title "Cyanobacterial tufa calcification in two freshwater streams: ambient environment, chemical thresholds and biological processes" @default.
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• W2088897561 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(99)00035-4" @default.
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