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- W2089069807 abstract "Nervous tissue consists of several different types of cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix. All these building blocks differ in their mechanical properties. Particularly during growth and migration, the local mechanical environment of neurons may thus change dramatically. The softness of radial glial cells, along which neurons preferentially grow, and the neuronal preference for soft substrates strongly point towards a role of mechanics in neuronal guidance. Here we show how neurons detect and avoid stiff substrates and how their mechanoresponsiveness is used to guide their axons along distinct pathways.In vitro, neurons continuously probe the mechanical properties of their environment. Growth cones visibly deformed substrates with a stiffness commensurate with their own compliance. To understand the growth cones’ sensing of stiff substrates, we investigated their precise temporal response to well-defined mechanical stress. Externally applied stress exceeding the threshold of ∼300 pN/μm2 caused a calcium influx through mechanosensitive, stretch-activated ion channels in the growth cone membrane that triggered neurite retraction. Subsequently, neuronal processes re-extend, thereby enabling exploration into new directions.When Xenopus eye primordia were cultured on polyacrylamide gels of different compliance, the morphology of the outgrowing retinal ganglion cell axons dramatically depended on the mechanical properties of their substrate. If the axons grew either on soft or on stiff surfaces, they spread over a wide area to explore different directions. In contrast, if they grew on substrates of intermediate compliance, they fasciculated and grew into one common direction, resembling an optic nerve. The concerted growth along pioneering axons depended not only on the substrates’ compliance but also on that of the axons themselves. Hence, neurons may actively use mechanics as previously unknown guidance cue during growth and migration. This knowledge may ultimately help in finding new implants that promote axonal regeneration in the injured nervous system." @default.
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- W2089069807 date "2009-02-01" @default.
- W2089069807 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2089069807 title "Mechanics in neuronal development" @default.
- W2089069807 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1053" @default.
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