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• W208912713 abstract "Afghanistan's non-democratic local powers grow stronger while international efforts to ballast Kabul's government falter, so robust central governance continues to remain elusive to Afghanistan's leaders. Despite the influx of foreign aid, development agendas, democratic processes and urbanization at the center, localities at the state's periphery--predominantly in the south--are heavily reliant on self-administration and service provision. Entrenched local administrative procedures, based on authority from tribalism or local power brokers' influence, continue to be resilient, while faith in the state is decreasing. Central incompetence, reinforced by endemic corruption and entrenched tribal mores, have fomented a growing sense of confusion and impotence within the country's institutions. This deterioration represents a failure of governance for the Afghan state: the inability to deliver services to the populace. 70 percent of the Afghan population still resides outside of the centrally administered areas in historically fragmented communities, creating political bulwarks that the Afghan government must breach to attain domestic legitimacy and build strong national institutions. Yet some successes are rightly highlighted. In the wake of the 2001 Bonn Agreement, ripples of change advanced: the foundation of the bicameral legislature was poured, de jure human and equal rights were established and the ground for democratic growth was tilled. These successes, however, should be noted with caution for one needs only to look to the fraudulent elections of 2009 to see that these young democratic fields are salted with many of the despotic power structures that have characterized their landscape for centuries. Some of the very global economic forces that should, theoretically, overthrow the local political status quo are actually playing an important role in sustaining it. Afghanistan's local power brokers are using new opportunities arising from global integration within existing power structures to augment and entrench their power in ways previously unachievable. The term traditional, however, has two principal limitations. First, there is a question of how much today's tribal structures resemble those of the past; the structures are not static. Second, today's power brokers are revising and overturning traditional structure hierarchies, albeit governing in a similar fashion. As Barnett Rubin notes astutely, Tribalism in the modern world is more often a strategy of state control or social resistance than the culture of an autarchic, kinship-based world that no longer exists, if it ever did. (1) Nonetheless, structures akin to those that have long prevailed still remain to the detriment of the state. Among the most important forces that sustain these structures--and the focus of this essay--is economic integration. Specifically, it looks to the recent evolution of the Afghan opium trade as a case study. The opium trade includes all opiate-related activities bringing revenues to Afghanistan, from water rights and land tenure for poppies to heroin processing and trans-shipment. Some observers paint a unidirectional relationship between the evolution of the opium trade and the Taliban insurgency, with the rise of a well-funded insurgency driving increases in cultivation in areas under their control. The impulse to view the opium trade as an indicator of instability is informed by at least two notions. (2) First, civil conflicts rage where they are financially viable--a function of natural resources ripe for exploitation--and eventually devolve into a conflict about the economics of war itself. This was convincingly articulated in Paul Collier's influential work on greed and grievance. (3) Second, the American experience in Colombia can be projected onto Afghanistan. There is considerable pressure to see the Taliban as analogous to the FARC and the drug-terror nexus as symbiotic and linear. …" @default.
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• W208912713 date "2009-09-22" @default.
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• W208912713 title "Gaming the System: How Afghan Opium Underpins Local Power" @default.
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