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- W2089577134 abstract "Modern immunology can now trace its molecules, cells, organs and functions that fight infectious diseases to prototypic ancestors in both the aquatic and terrestrial environments. It is not clear which environment exerted the greatest evolutionary pressure during the development of immunologic characteristics. Clearly immune responsiveness began as recognition even at the unicellular level when eukaryotes appeared. Multicellularity brought with it the simultaneous differentiation and specialization of multiple functions including immune competence. For comparative immunologists to adhere to the dogmatic deuterostome/protostome classification of complex metazoans may prove to be inadequate since this taxonomic scheme concerns embryologic origins of the mouth and anus. Other theories that relate to homology/analogy, convergence/divergence may help us to explain what are (for now) common, functional immune traits among both animal groups. Origins deciphered by amino acid and nucleotide sequences will resolve the dilemma of immunologic characteristics common to deuterostomes and protostomes. Precise characterizations and analyses of the resulting homologies and comparisons will yield fruitful information. First, we may then deduce common origins as has been revealed, for example, in functional molecules and cells such as actin/myosin that govern motility. Second, in contrast, we may arrive at what are clear analogies. With respect to origins of immunity there seems to be a preponderance of characteristics associated with tunicates [those of lymphocyte-like cells; IL-1; (IL-2 like) molecules, putative members of the Ig superfamily (Thy-1; Lyt); lectins] that may prove to be homologous once stringent requirements of sequence analyses are fully described. The self/non-self view should be rescued from ad nauseam preoccupation with examining yet more species with respect to (for example) phagocytosis, graft rejection or agglutinin synthesis. Instead, we should direct our research at the membrane level of hemocytes." @default.
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- W2089577134 date "1995-04-01" @default.
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- W2089577134 title "Immunology: a look toward the sea and what we have learned from tunicates" @default.
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- W2089577134 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00371-t" @default.
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