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• W2089825903 abstract "Background: Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics (PK), clinical effects, and safety of butorphanol in foals is not available. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the PK of butorphanol in neonatal foals after IV and IM administration; to determine whether administration of butorphanol results in physiologic or behavioral changes in neonatal foals; and to describe adverse effects associated with its use in neonatal foals. Animals: Six healthy mixed breed pony foals between 3 and 12 days of age were used. Methods: In a 3‐way crossover design, foals received butorphanol (IV and IM, at 0.05 mg/kg) and IV saline (control group). Butorphanol concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using a noncompartmental PK model. Physiologic data were obtained at specified intervals after drug administration. Pedometers were used to evaluate locomotor activity. Behavioral data were obtained using a 2‐hour real‐time video recording. Results: The terminal half‐life of butorphanol was 2.1 hours and C 0 was 33.2 ± 12.1 ng/mL after IV injection. For IM injection, C max and T max were 20.1 ± 3.5 ng/mL and 5.9 ± 2.1 minutes, respectively. Bioavailability was 66.1 ± 11.9%. There were minimal effects on vital signs. Foals that received butorphanol spent significantly more time nursing than control foals and appeared sedated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The disposition of butorphanol in neonatal foals differs from that in adult horses. The main behavioral effects after butorphanol administration to neonatal foals were sedation and increased feeding behavior." @default.
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• W2089825903 date "2008-10-30" @default.
• W2089825903 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2089825903 title "Pharmacokinetics of Butorphanol and Evaluation of Physiologic and Behavioral Effects after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Neonatal Foals" @default.
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• W2089825903 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0200.x" @default.
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