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• W2090080400 abstract "The purpose of a perforator is to create in the casing a hole that extends into the formation to allow the efficient production or injection of fluids. This entrance hole may be made by any of three methods. Shaped-Charge Perforating The most common method of perforating is shaped-charge or jet perforating. The shaped charge-an outgrowth of the World War II bazooka-is available in several sizes and types for various perforating applications. It has four principal components (Fig. 1): the outer case, the primer, the powder, and the metal liner. When the charge is fired, the pressure from the exploding powder deforms the metal liner. The shape of the charge, which is dictated by the case and the liner, focuses the energy in a single direction. The pressure and the now-fluid liner form a jet that can punch a hole through the casing and into the formation. The time from initiation to completion of the jet is about 0.1 ms and pressures up to 4 million psi [27.6 GPa] drive the tip of the jet at speeds of roughly 30,000 ft/sec [9144 m/s]. The jet penetrates the formation to depths of from about 3 to 18 in. [7.6 to 46 cm], depending on the type and shape of the metal liner, the characteristics of the formation, and, to a lesser extent, the weight of the explosive. The charges may be held in any of three types of guns: casing guns, expendable guns, and through-tubing guns. The casing gun, which may be run on wireline or conveyed by tubing, is available in diameters from 1 3/8 through 7 in. [3.5 through 17.8 cm]. The charges are contained within the gun (Fig. 2), protected from impact damage and from the well fluids. In the larger guns, they range from 1 to 16 shots/ft [3 to 52 shots/m]; in the smaller guns, from 1 to 4 shots/ft [3 to 13 shots/m]. The charges are aligned by sleeves, rubber pop-up caps, or in metal strip holders in the guns. The positioning is necessary to let the charge penetrate the special thin sections of the guns. Reusable guns use screw ports or port plugs with a center thickness of 0.1 in. [0.254 cm]. This thin section of the port plug is much easier to penetrate than the 0.5- to 0.68-in. [1.27- to 1.727-cm] gun wall thickness. The single-use or retrievable expendable scallop guns have the gun body section over the charge locations milled to about 0.1 in. [0.254 cm] thick. The jet punches a hole through the port plug or scallop and into the casing, cement, and formation. The perforation penetration is sharply reduced if the charge is misaligned and shoots through the body of the gun. Casing damage from perforating with even the high-density guns is relatively minimal if the casing is backed up with cement (Fig. 3). P. 261^" @default.
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• W2090080400 date "1987-03-01" @default.
• W2090080400 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2090080400 title "Selecting a Perforating System" @default.
• W2090080400 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/16042-pa" @default.
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