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• W2090251337 abstract "IN ANOTHER paper, 1 have indicated the advantages of twin studies over other kinds of family studies dealing with heredity in schizophrenia cl). These advantages mainly involve the definition, ascertainability, and criteria for determining the representativeness of a given sample. The most common objections to twin studies have been: (I) Twins have almost always been reared together and this common rearing may have contributed to increased concordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins because of psychological characteristics unique to such pairs@. 3, ; (2) Monozygotic fetal twins often share a common maternal circulation, which may disadvantage one as compared to the other, and which may therefore lead to increased discordance in these subjects with respect to various aspects of the illness(*); (3) Monozygotic twins have identical genotypes, making it impossible to separate out effects due to an hypothesized primary gene and those due to auxiliary genes in any given pair(“) ; (4) Twins are usually born prematurely, and therefore constitute a deviant sample. The disadvantages are of less importance than the advantages: (I) Environmentalist concepts implicit in the objection to a common rearing of MZ twins may be tested in various ways@) and may in fact become refined and improved or disproved in the process; (2) Factors which make for higher discordance in MZ twins are of special theoretical interest and may well contribute to a fuller understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia; moreover, since the reported concordance rates in MZ twins hover for the most part about 67 per cent., a high figure indeed as compared to the incidence of the disorder in the population (generally estimated to be about one per cent), the total influence of such factors need not yet concern us unduly; (3) The need to separate out the effects of postulated primary mutant genes and of auxiliary genes seems premature at this stage of our knowledge, especially when we have still to struggle with the problems of sampling mentioned above, and related ones which I shall explore in this paper. Moreover, although genotypes are identical for any given pair of MZ twins, their variation among a representative sample of such twins should be comparable to the variation of genotypes in any representative sample of schizophrenic subjects, and theoretically at least can therefore be evaluated; (4) If one objects to a sample of twins on the grounds that there is a high incidence of premature births among them, the objection must be based on the possibility that" @default.
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• W2090251337 date "1962-09-01" @default.
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• W2090251337 title "Problems of sampling and diagnosis in the major twin studies of schizophrenia" @default.
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• W2090251337 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(62)90003-1" @default.
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