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• W2090820006 abstract "Dr. Hal Markowitz, widely regarded as the father of zoo enrichment, died peacefully in Pacifica, California on September 13, 2012. He was 78 years old. Surviving family members include his wife Krista, their two children, Jenny and Tim, and two grandchildren, Tanner and Halle (named for Hal). Hal Markowitz worked tirelessly to design better zoos for wildlife, helping zoo professionals throughout the world to return autonomy and control to captive animals. He was best known for innovations at the Oregon Zoo where he served as the first director of the Oregon Zoological Research Center. When he joined the faculty at San Francisco State University in 1978, he and his cadre of eager students began to work at the San Francisco Zoo. In addition to his duties at San Francisco State, Markowitz also served as Research Director at the San Francisco Zoo from 1990 to 1996. His benchmark research in Portland and San Francisco, and in collaboration with other zoos and aquariums, was published in a series of important research papers and books. He was admired throughout the world for his creativity and leadership in the emerging field of environmental enrichment. I first met him on the west coast when I was a graduate student at the University of California at Davis and he was employed by the Oregon Zoo in Portland. At that time, he was one of a small population of research scientists working fulltime in North American zoos. Educated at Long Beach State and Arizona State Universities, he had an unusual combination of skills in engineering, experimental psychology, and animal behavior. His wildlife interests included non-human primates, marine mammals (Grigg and Markowitz, 1997; Khan et al., 2006), and felids of all sizes (e.g. Mellen et al., 1981; Markowitz and LaForse, 1987). He also conducted memorable experiments on elephant memory (Markowitz et al., 1975) published in the highly regarded Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. My colleagues and I in the Davis Psychology Department frequently collaborated with him, organizing symposia at conferences held on the west coast. He contributed an important chapter to Captivity and Behavior (1979), co-edited with Joe Erwin and Gary Mitchell (1979), and facilitated the entry of our research group into the emerging field of zoo biology. In 1984, after I had become the reform director of Atlanta's city zoo, I needed to recruit a veterinarian in the midst of a politically charged management crisis. Since I was scheduled to participate in a symposium in San Francisco organized by Hal for a meeting of the American Association of the Advancement of Science, I asked him to help me with the search. He immediately put me in touch with Rita McManamon, a recent Davis graduate who had worked with Hal on behavioral studies of siamangs and marine mammals. The Atlanta job was widely regarded as the most volatile veterinary position in the nation and required an exceptional person. Dr. McManamon provided exemplary leadership and medical expertise for the entire seventeen years that I directed the zoo. Because she played such an important role in the emergence of Zoo Atlanta as an institutional leader in animal welfare, Hal's advice paid enduring dividends for the entire zoo profession. Early in his career his enrichment devices were criticized as too artificial to fit the emerging paradigm in naturalistic zoo design. He responded by creating more naturalistic devices and unveiled highly innovative technology to activate tigers and gibbons at the Panaewa Rainforest Zoo in Hilo, Hawaii. The debate about Hal's work was resolved to my satisfaction with a paper by Debra Forthman-Quick (1984) published in Zoo Biology. She skillfully and correctly demonstrated that environmental “engineering” was compatible and synergistic with landscape immersion architecture. His most important book, Behavioral Enrichment in the Zoo (1982), launched a global movement to improve the conditions of captivity in zoos, aquariums, and biomedical facilities. As an indicator of his international standing, a copy recently sold on Amazon for the hefty price of $456. One of his most ingenious innovations and perhaps the first computerized enrichment device was a reaction time game he introduced to mandrills at the Oregon Zoo (Yanofsky and Markowitz, 1978). The game presented three translucent buttons illuminated at random. The subject (an adult male named “Blue”) was trained to play against zoo visitors or, when visitors were absent or unwilling to engage, a computerized competitor. The first player to press the lighted stimulus won the trial. The game was highly entertaining for visitors (who were usually defeated by the quick-handed mandrill) but also reduced aggression and stereotyped pacing by the group, and contributed to increased animal activity in the enclosure. His enrichment devices provided a measure of choice for animals in captivity, while advancing our understanding of learning in a cross-section of exotic fauna. Markowitz' experimentation inspired more sophisticated technology in other investigators, notably a computerized cognitive testing system activated by a joystick at the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Beyond its use in the study of cognitive processes, this system proved to be an effective enrichment device for singly-housed rhesus monkeys in the laboratory (Washburn and Rumbaugh, 1992). The technology also proved effective for socially-housed nonhuman primates, clearly demonstrating the wider efficacy of Markowitz' original concept. His new book, Enriching Animal Lives (Markowitz, 2011), is a virtual blueprint on how to design, build, and fully implement a serious enrichment program for a diversity of wildlife ($20 at Amazon). His recipes for empowering animals are comprehensive, but his candor is equally refreshing. He laments the lack of sufficient funding to optimize animal welfare, and scolds administrators who lowball infrastructure investments that could dramatically improve the lives of zoo and laboratory animals. As he stated: “Looking at my earlier text Behavioral Enrichment in the Zoo while making plans for this one, I marveled at how far we had come conceptually, but how little we have progressed in terms of financial support for environmental enrichment. While understanding the need to provide more adequate stimulation for captive animals has become widespread, and there are international meetings dedicated to the topic, enrichment remains something of a nicety rather than a fundamental need in the eyes of many.” Hal's new book should be read by every zoo biologist and every decision maker concerned with zoo animal welfare. Hal Markowitz and his remarkable students published dozens of articles and made hundreds of presentations to professional groups throughout the world. His public lectures were in great demand and thoughtfully prepared to advance the cause of his hosts. To this end, he willingly endured media interviews and his public utterances became part of his enlarged image as an accessible guru with a noble and believable vision. Despite a demanding teaching schedule, he managed a voluminous correspondence for those who sought his advice and counsel. He mentored 45 graduate students at the master's level, many of whom went on to obtain doctoral and medical degrees. Markowitz profoundly influenced the students who worked with him in captive settings and at many Central American field sites. He introduced many of them to the joy of scientific discovery and publication (e.g. Markowitz and Stevens, 1978; Foster-Turley and Markowitz, 1982). After his retirement at San Francisco State, he continued significant collaborations with veterinarians at the California Primate Research Center and the University of California, San Francisco, helping both institutions to improve the lives of nonhuman primates in biomedical settings. With the passage of the federal Animal Welfare Act and ongoing demand for improvements in the practices and standards of animal laboratories in North America, Markowitz was an important contributor to laboratory innovations and reform (Markowitz and Spinelli, 1986). Zoo professionals will remember his charismatic presence at national and regional meetings. His lectures informed, inspired, and always entertained. His sense of humor was intense, sometimes bizarre, and always memorable. For those who knew him well, he was a caring and loyal friend. He was devoted to his family and travelled with them whenever he was called to a distant site for consultation or a lecture. Hal and his family spent quality time together in coastal locations and in Hawaii where he continued to develop his interests in marine mammal welfare and conservation. Hal and his daughter Jenny, a talented illustrator, collaborated on his latest book, and both of his children have channeled their innate creativity, shaped, and cultivated by loving parents. His son Tim is a professor at Taft College who has also published important, scholarly papers on ecology, conservation, and animal behavior, including a study of the ecology of wild howler monkeys published in the Journal of Mammalogy and co-authored with his father (Gavazzi et al., 2008). The attentive oversight of Tim and Krista helped to organize and format the book in its final stages. Like everything Hal did, Enriching Animal Lives was a family enterprise. In the last years of his long career, Hal courageously continued to teach, mentor, and write despite having lost the ability to speak due to extensive oral surgery to combat cancer. He adapted to his situation by using sign language and auditory enhancements to communicate with his audience. His devoted wife Krista was often at his side as she could literally read his mind and interpret his gestures. Throughout Hal's long career Krista was an important contributor to his success and certainly his psychological well-being. With the passing of Hal Markowitz, the zoo profession has lost an intellectual leader whose devotion to animal welfare and the science of zoo biology was extraordinary. For those who knew him well, his loss is painful and personal, but the power of his ideas will live forever in the achievements of his students and contemporaries who will continue to advance the cause of zoo animal welfare on his behalf. His commentary on the liberating effects of enrichment provides great insight into his own core values: “The first time I saw Harvey, a white handed gibbon feeding himself by brachiating between response areas to activate food delivery … the effect on me was muliplicatively more than I expected … The gibbons in this cage no longer had to wait for the keepers to drop food on the floor and sit awkwardly to procure their rations. They had incentive to exercise and use their natural talents to obtain a healthy variety of food chunks high in their environment. At the same time, it gave me hope that we might, in a small way, make the lives of captive animals more stimulating and naturalistic.” On June 27, 2012, Hal Markowitz received the first “Wildlife Wellness Award” from the San Francisco Zoo to recognize his extraordinary contributions to zoo animal wellness and welfare. In future years, this award will be presented to a worthy zoo biologist to honor Hal's scholarly legacy in San Francisco and throughout the world. Terry L. Maple, PhD Florida Atlantic University" @default.
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