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• W2090874964 abstract "The behavior of sulfur in the oceans is strongly affected by the development of anoxic water. Sulfide minerals are preserved in contact with anoxic water, bacterial reduction of sulfate with consequent isotopic fractionation becomes feasible, and sulfate may be removed, partly to nearly completely. Anoxia in the modern oceans is limited to restricted basins such as the Black Sea and, in the open oceans, to intermediate levels in the tropics. In the Lower Paleozoic and the Jurassic-Cretaceous there is evidence in the form of widespread, correlative black shale, which has been interpreted in terms of more widespread and persistent anoxia. Sulfide deposits formed on the modern sea-floor are oxidized unless protected from dissolved oxygen by rapid burial; preservation of ancient sea-floor sulfide would have been most probable in anoxic water. Aspects of the age distribution, and mineralogical and isotopic variation of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits can be explained by hydrothermal recharge from and discharge into anoxic bottom water. The Ordovician is the pre-eminent period of formation of VMS deposits in the Phanerozoic, probably owing to a favorable coincidence of anoxia and tectonic factors in the Iapetus ocean. Sulfate-free deposits are largely confined to intervals of widespread anoxia; exceptions show geological evidence — pyrrhotite and black shale — of local anoxia. Sulfate-bearing deposits are distributed throughout the Phanerozoic, but require anoxia as a preservation mechanism and are commonly associated with black shale. Certain hydrothermal systems may have generated their own local anoxia in ponded hydrothermal fluid that became negatively buoyant relative to seawater. The δ34S ranges of sulfides in most VMS deposits show evidence for some incorporation of reduced seawater sulfate, but a few show no evidence of sulfate incorporation, consistent with the potential variability of sulfate content in anoxic water." @default.
• W2090874964 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2090874964 date "1996-05-01" @default.
• W2090874964 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2090874964 title "Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and anoxia in the Phanerozoic oceans" @default.
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• W2090874964 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00022-4" @default.
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