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• W2090894108 abstract "Re-Reading Nature and Otherness in Chateaubriand’s Voyage en Amérique: A Case for the Biophilia Effect Annie K. Smart (bio) François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand’s descriptions of North America drew fire soon after he published Atala, his first “American” novel, in 1801. As early as 1816, critics questioned the accuracy of Chateaubriand’s descriptions of North American flora and fauna.1 The polemic only intensified after he published Voyage en Amérique in 1827. In his travel narrative Chateaubriand details his itinerary and presents his observations of America’s nature and inhabitants as first-hand, eyewitness accounts. The author-narrator of Voyage asserts that within the span of roughly six months, from June to December 1791, he travelled from Baltimore to Philadelphia, through Massachusetts and on to New York, Niagara Falls, and the Great Lakes; he then descended down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers through the Southeastern states (including Kentucky, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida), and came back up through Appalachia to Virginia. Critics on both sides of the Atlantic soon found the itinerary implausible, thus opening a fierce debate over whether Chateaubriand accomplished part of his journey, all of his journey, or whether he had ever left France at all.2 Opinion also divided over his descriptions of North American nature: while some believed that the descriptions reflected his poetic imagination, others claimed that Chateaubriand had simply embellished upon passages from previous travel writings, such as William Bartram’s 1791 Travels through North & South [End Page 123] Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida and Pierre François-Xavier de Charlevoix’s 1744 Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France.3 These debates lead to a larger question: of what interest is a book that is a mélange of personal journal entries, philosophical reflections on the notion of travel and the nature of man, and “borrowed” (what we today would call plagiarized) scientific observations? Who now reads Chateaubriand’s Travels? If Voyage en Amérique generated volumes of criticism in the past, today’s historians and literary critics have relegated it to the upper reaches of the bookshelf. Historians tend to view the work as inaccurate and too unreliable to be of interest; and Voyage lacks the themes that are of interest to modern literary critics.4 In this essay, I propose a recuperative reading of Chateaubriand’s travel narrative by examining his representations of North American landscapes through the lens of natural diversity. This essay does not attempt to cut the Gordian knots of the authenticity of Chateaubriand’s travels to North America and the accuracy of his nature passages.5 I focus on how Chateaubriand uses nature within his narrative, and not on whether he actually saw the nature he described. My argument thus presupposes that, as Richard Switzer demonstrates in his Introduction to Voyage en Amérique, Chateaubriand completed the first part of his voyage, and travelled to upstate New York, Niagara Falls, and Lake Erie.6 In my analysis, I apply Edward O. Wilson’s notion of “biophilia” to descriptions of nature in Chateaubriand’s Voyage en Amérique. In his 1984 study Biophilia, Wilson proposes a new term to describe the relationship human beings have to the natural world. He defines “biophilia” as the innate tendency to affiliate with nature.7 Wilson speculates that this affiliation with the natural world leads to a deeper understanding of other organisms, and that by understanding other organisms, we place value on biodiversity and ultimately on ourselves. As Wilson explains in a later publication, his collection of essays The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth(2006), human beings are attracted to the otherness of nature. Biophilia and biodiversity are thus intertwined: “From infancy to old age, people everywhere are attracted to other species. Novelty and diversity of life are esteemed …. The affiliation has a moral consequence: the more we come to understand other life forms, the more our learning expands to include their vast diversity, and the greater the value we will place on them and, inevitably, on ourselves.”8 Applying a notion from contemporary biology to Voyage en Amérique may seem counter-intuitive, for Wilson and Chateaubriand hold..." @default.
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• W2090894108 title "Re-Reading Nature and Otherness in Chateaubriand’s <i>Voyage en Amérique</i>: A Case for the Biophilia Effect" @default.
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