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• W2090948703 abstract "Abstract Coiled tubing (CT) injectors have been used in well intervention (WI) service for many years. As the WI business becomes more challenging, it requires the use of larger tubing. Using larger tubing results in managing tubing strings and operating equipment in a different manner. Tubing strings have become larger in size and yield strengths of the material have increased. Larger and stronger tubing subjects the equipment to greater stresses. The tubing also has more residual bending forces than the smaller, more traditional strings used in the past. The increased residual forces can affect the performance on the injector, adversely affecting the gripper beam pressure in particular. This paper discusses the results of residual bending forces and their effects on the CT injector. It compares computed values to actual values from experimental test data. The findings could change the effective gripper beam pressure. Introduction CT is attractive because it allows rapid deployment of tubing compared to drilling rigs. Rapid deployment can reduce cost, leading to increased profits. Several types of applications can be deployed using CT, including pipe cleaning, perforating, cementing, fracturing, and acidizing (Cobb and Zublin; Courville and Anderson; Connell and Engdorf; Koshak; Durey and Degner). One of the main components of the CT system is the injector. It injects tubing into the wellbore or pulls tubing out of the wellbore. It controls the tubing during the job, including during pumping services. The injector should be able to handle the pipe loading and fluid weight. If the injector cannot control the tubing, it can slip and fall into the wellbore. When the tubing slips, the gripping blocks typically cause significant damage. If too much pressure is used by the injector to secure the tubing, the tubing can be crushed. Damaging the tubing is a significant cost to the operations of well intervention. Increased well depth and pressure necessitates increased pipe sizes and other tubing properties. This stronger tubing is more rigid. Larger, higher-strength tubing is much more difficult to manage than smaller, lower-strength tubing. The residual forces generated by the larger tubing are larger than those of smaller tubing sizes. This can impact the performance of the injector. In very critical applications, the amount of force applied to the tubing can affect the success of a job. Residual Forces Residual forces in the tubing are based on the tubing properties, tubing size, and natural curvature of the tubing. After tubing is bent, it has a natural curvature, or steady state. This curvature is the basis for calculating the residual forces. Fig. 1 shows the residual forces based on the different tubing sizes and bend radii. Tubing size is a significant factor in residual bending forces. After the residual force is established, it can be directly related to gripper-beam pressure based on the gripper-beam hydraulic cylinder size and quantity. The gripping force (gripper pressure) should counter the forces generated from the tubing's residual bend. This necessitates that additional gripper pressure be calculated with the slip pressure. The results presented in Fig. 1 are the forces required to straighten a section of CT, with a residual bend, calculated from the simply supported beam equations (Eqs. 1, 2, and 3). An illustration of a simply supported beam is shown in Fig. 2. The deflection required to straighten the tubing was calculated from the reel diameter and length of the gripper blocks, as illustrated in Fig. 3. The maximum deflection, ymax, for a simply supported beam is shown in Eq. 1, where P, L, E and I are the force, beam length, Young's modulus, and moment of inertia, respectively. The Young's modulus for steel, E = 30 Mpsi, was used for all calculations. Solving for the force or load, P, in Eq. 1 yields the equation shown in Eq. 2. The length of the gripper block determines the length, L, of the simple support beam. The calculation for the moment of inertia for an annulus is shown in Eq. 3, where OD and Wall are the outside diameter and the wall thickness, respectively." @default.
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• W2090948703 date "2008-04-01" @default.
• W2090948703 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W2090948703 title "The Effects of Residual Bending Forces on Coiled-Tubing Injector" @default.
• W2090948703 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/113646-ms" @default.
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