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• W2090953343 abstract "THE PUBLIC ASSESSMENT OF BASIC SCIENCE* DeWITT STETTEN, JR. t The city is Syracuse, the island is Sicily, and the year is 212 b.c. A party of mourners has just erected a tombstone marked simply with the representation of a cylinder circumscribing a sphere [I, pp. 68-86]. Also on the stone are two numbers in ratio, 3:2, representing the ratio of the volumes of these two solid figures. The stone (fig. 1) marks the last resting place of Archimedes, the most revered inventor and scientist of Greek antiquity. The symbolism on the tomb was of his own selection and indicated the high value which he placed upon his discovery of the volume of the sphere, 4/37rr3, and the relationship which this bore to the volume of the cylinder. The exact location of the tomb is now unknown , since it no longer exists; but that it did exist can hardly be doubted, since, in the year 75 b.c., it was visited, restored, and described by Cicero. Who, then, was this Archimedes, and why do we recall him today? A Greek, a native of Syracuse, a friend and kinsman of its king, Hieron, he was a remarkably inventive engineer, designing a variety ofweapons and playthings for his royal patron. His discovery of the laws of the lever he boastfully summarized: Give me a fulcrum and I shall move the world. He also discovered the compound pulley and with these and other devices constructed engines capable of lifting enemy boats out of the water and of hurling truly tremendous rocks at them. He devised concave mirrors which, by focusing the rays of the sun, could ignite remote ships at sea. All these and other engines he put to use in the successful defense of his native city against attack by the navy of Roman galleys under the command of Marcellus. This noble Roman, finding that he could not capture Syracuse by way of the sea, did subsequently subjugate the city by a land attack planned to coincide with a celebration of the citizens. Archimedes' death has been variously described. Let me quote to you the description which comes from Plutarch's Lives ofthe Noble Greeks and the Noble Romans. Curiously, the chapter from which I quote is the life *One ofa series ofeight lectures on current topics in biochemistry presented onJanuary 18, 1974, at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. tDeputy director for science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine · Summer 1974 | 441 «wm ?* I; W Kf? P=^ IE : II ?^FiG . 1. —Archimedes' tombstone not of Archimedes but of Marcellus, who is remembered today only for his association with the scientist's death: Archimedes, who was then, as fate would have it, intent upon working out some problem with a diagram, and having fixed his mind alike and his eyes upon the subject of his speculation, never noticed the incursion of the Romans, nor that the city was taken. In this transport of study and contemplation, a soldier unexpectedly coming upon him commanded him to follow to Marcellus which he declining to do before he had worked out his problem to a demonstration, the soldier enraged drew his sword and ran him through. [2, p. 106] A thoroughly appealing fellow was this Archimedes. A lover of gadgets, he devised a screw for lifting water, and the mechanical model—or orrery—of the earth, sun, and moon which was so accurate in its construction that it could be used to predict solar and lunar eclipses. The best-known anecdote relates to his discovery, while bathing, that an object immersed in water loses weight equal to that of the water displaced . He suddenly realized the applicability of this finding to the solution of a question posed to him by King Hieron. The king had lately ordered the construction of a crown out of a mass of gold which he had delivered to thejeweler. Whereas the crown had a weight equal to that of the gold, King Hieron suspected that the gold might have been debased with some other metal. Archimedes, recognizing that he now knew how to determine the density of..." @default.
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• W2090953343 date "1974-01-01" @default.
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• W2090953343 title "The Public Assessment of Basic Science" @default.
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• W2090953343 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1974.0034" @default.
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