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• W209122233 abstract "In a world awash with human suffering and indignities, what is the purpose of epistemological critiques of international human rights? How is it exactly that these abstract conceptual debates intersect with concerns on the ground? One answer might be that critique is all there is-that principled opposition to the plight of the oppressed is impossible without a rethinking of the very foundations of current conceptions of human rights. On this approach, the epistemological foundations of the concept of human rights render it incoherent at best and normatively suspect at worst. This approach is fundamentally philosophical in that it involves some combination of conceptual analysis and moral philosophy. Another answer, though, might be that epistemological critique is indispensable because the conceptual deficiencies it identifies complicate, even undermine, the effective promotion of international human rights in some important and discernable respects. This approach, at bottom, is empirical in that it makes claims about how concept characteristics effect concept articulation and diffusion. Professor Florian Hoffmann's symposium paper clearly and explicitly takes the second approach.1 The launching point for his analysis, after all, is the claim that the failure to address directly the epistemological critique has contributed to the subordination of human rights discourse to a reemergent security discourse.2 He suggests that effective inter-cultural translation of human rights requires the development of a viable non-foundational human rights activism. These are, I maintain, undefended, inadequately specified empirical claims. Proper specification of the empirical claims would facilitate a more focused evaluation of their merits-and a sensible framework within which to assess Hoffman's call for a non-foundational human rights activism. In addition, substantial evidence suggests that Hoffmann's empirical assumptions are questionable. In this brief reply, I attempt no systematic evaluation of his claims-I only suggest that there is good reason to require Hoffmann to be more explicit and more systematic in his presentation and defense of these claims. First, Hoffmann's position trades on underdeveloped empirical claims. Professor Huffman outlines, with great care, what he characterizes as the epistemological critique of international human rights. He argues that the concept of human rights rests on unstable epistemological foundations in that it unjustifiably presumes both a universal rationality and the intercultural translatability of norms.3 He suggests that the fluidity and instability of human rights are underappreciated and deeply problematic. The difficulty, as Professor Hoffmann sees it, is that human rights activism too readily assumes the foundations of the human rights concept, and that strategies predicated on this assumption will prove ineffective. His pragmatic theory is then defended as the most satisfying solution to these foundational deficiencies-one that, he insists, takes seriously both the epistemological critique and the strategic demands of human rights activism. Hoffmann's paper, though, suffers from a defect common to many critical approaches to international law: The problem addressed is not adequately specified. How exactly do infirm epistemological foundations undermine the promotion of human rights? What considerations inform the design of the optimal non-foundational human rights strategy? Professor Hoffmann finesses these questions even as he develops a theoretical model that makes them central. As a consequence, meaningful, comprehensive evaluation of his diagnosis (the critique) and proffered cure (the reconstruction) is difficult. The central problem motivating Hoffmann's analysis might be that infirm foundations impede the diffusion of human rights norms. On this view, the failure to articulate satisfactory foundations for human rights norms reduces the likelihood that norms will be endorsed across culture. …" @default.
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• W209122233 date "2006-07-01" @default.
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• W209122233 title "Translation of Global Human Rights Norms: The Empirical Dimension" @default.
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