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• W2091544186 abstract "Reviewed by: Cotton and Conquest: How the Plantation System Acquired Texas by Roger G. Kennedy James C. Kearney Cotton and Conquest: How the Plantation System Acquired Texas. By Roger G. Kennedy. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. 368. Maps, notes, index.) To read Roger G. Kennedy’s posthumously released study is to view western history, at least from 1790 until the end of the Civil War, through a veil of cotton. “Cotton imperialism,” according to the author, is “the association of cotton grown for international markets, the deployment of black slaves for labor, and the eradication or displacement of Indians” to accommodate the “plantocracy” (86). Kennedy’s thesis is that this association was a stronger force in driving both international relations and in shaping internal politics in the United States than is generally acknowledged. In this far ranging tome, Kennedy attempts to set the record straight. Texas is emphasized because, “In 1865 cotton imperialism came to its zenith in history and its terminus in geography—in Texas” (28). In the nineteenth century the world developed an insatiable appetite for cotton fabric. Previously, an exotic and expensive import from India, English inventors provided sophisticated machinery to convert raw cotton into cloth. England, and to a lesser extent, France, emerged as monopolistic suppliers to their colonial empires. Cotton cloth became the principal export of England, and it was determined to uphold its supremacy. For their growing markets, however, both England and France needed reliable supplies. Thus began a partnership with North America that drove expansionary policies in the United States to the West and South and engendered an attitude toward American Indians that guaranteed dispossession wherever they occupied lands suitable for cotton. It also solidified slavery in the South. The Sheffield Doctrine in England held that the British could actually profit more from an independent U.S. than as a colony. There was, moreover, no need to confront directly the question of slavery, which, on the international stage, the English had taken the lead in abolishing. The English emerged as the winners and the French and Spanish as the losers in this game with the South as an unwitting pawn that sank into a position of neo-colonial subservience. The Louisiana Purchase, especially, was a historic blunder on the part of the French that also set in train the events that led to the loss of Spanish and Mexican possessions in North America, which turned out to be prime cotton lands for the plantocracy. The South miscalculated dreadfully during the Civil War: it was certain English dependency on their cotton would bring them into the war, but the English astutely managed to both keep their supply lines open and avoid confrontation with the North, thus leaving the South in the lurch. In the final chapters of the book, Kennedy takes up the colorful role of filibustering surveyors, like Philip Nolan, who served as the vanguards of this process of expansion and dispossession. He also explores the tragic fate of Chief Bowles and the Cherokee Indians in Texas who were “no more free of the forces of cotton imperialism than free from gravity” (86). This whole process culminated in the annexation of Texas. Kennedy explores the complicated politics of annexation in detail, but the implication is clear: had the South prevailed in the Civil War, the process of cotton imperialism would have marched forward inexorably to Mexico and California. This book required a broad perspective and a wide mastery of many subjects. Combining an obvious erudition with a background in finance and a term in public service (he was director of the National Park Service under President Clinton), Kennedy has provided a compelling and persuasive perspective for the role of cotton imperialism as one of the defining forces of U.S. history. [End Page 222] James C. Kearney The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2014 The Texas State Historical Association" @default.
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• W2091544186 title "Cotton and Conquest: How the Plantation System Acquired Texas by Roger G. Kennedy" @default.
• W2091544186 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/swh.2014.0103" @default.
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