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• W2092992077 abstract "Mycoheterotrophic plants obtain all of their carbon requirements through symbiotic associations with fungi, and, while achlorophyllous, they are not directly parasitic on other plants. Research into the biology of mycoheterotrophy has a long history in New Phytologist, perhaps because of the integration of plant physiology and plant–fungal interactions, two main research fields interesting the audience of New Phytologist. Indeed, the word mycoheterotrophy itself was first coined in the journal by Jonathan Leake (1994) in his Tansley Review. This was a founding step in the research on nongreen plants, previously and incorrectly termed ‘saprophytic’ on the assumption that they derived all of their carbon requirements directly from rotting vegetation, a myth still largely propagated in floras to the present day. The story of mycoheterotrophy begins even earlier, as mycoheterotrophic plants have fascinated botanists from the 19th century to the present day. Indeed, Luxford (1841) sparked intense debate in The Phytologist (the precursor of New Phytologist) as to the trophic strategy employed by Monotropa hypopitys, now known to be a mycoheterotroph (see Leake, 1994 for further discussion). In the last decade, New Phytologist has published 26 out of 123 (21%) of the papers containing the word ‘mycoheterotrophy’ in their title or keywords (source: ISI Web of Knowledge, October 2009). We thus decided to publish a Virtual Special Issue of New Phytologist (http://www.newphytologist.com/view/0/virtspecissues.html), putting together the contributions on mycoheterotrophy published in the journal since 1999, plus the groundbreaking, introductory review paper by Jonathan Leake (1994). Furthermore, we investigate the most recent advances in the field thanks to three short Letters that are published alongside this Editorial. Nicole Hynson and Tom Bruns (pp. 598–601; this issue) report on ‘Fungal hosts for mycoheterotrophic plants: a nonexclusive, but highly selective club’, Jonathan Leake and Duncan Cameron (pp. 601–605; this issue) discuss the ‘Physiological ecology of mycoheterotrophy’ and Vincent Merckx and John Freudenstein (pp. 605–609; this issue)investigate the ‘Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in plants: a phylogenetic perspective’. In all, these papers reflect the diversity and evolution of the research into mycoheterotrophy published over the past 15 yr. Moreover, these Letters encompass a diverse range of methods that have been employed to shed light on the biology of mycoheterotrophs and their associated fungi, ranging from detailed anatomical studies of the plant–fungus interaction (e.g. Imhof, 1999; Domínguez et al., 2006) to physiological methods (McKendrick et al., 2000a,b;Gebauer & Meyer, 2003; Julou et al., 2005; Cameron et al., 2009) and molecular methods (see Bidartondo, 2005;Hynson & Bruns, 2010;Merckx & Freudenstein, 2010). Recent advances in our understanding of the mycoheterotrophic symbiosis were tightly linked to the rise of new technical and methodological advances. A major obstacle to the identification of fungal partners in mycoheterotrophic symbioses has been their unculturability in vitro, a problem that has been circumvented through the application of molecular methods (e.g. McKendrick et al., 2000a, 2002;Selosse et al., 2002; Bidartondo et al., 2004) that have resolved the identity of the fungal partners of many mycoheterotrophic plant species. It turned out that the overwhelming majority of these plants are associated with the mycorrhizal partners of other green plants, such as those surrounding the mycoheterotrophic plant (Selosse et al., 2002). The association often proved to be highly specific with few (in some cases only one) fungal partners, but generalist mycoheterotrophs have also been identified (Martos et al., 2009; Roy et al., 2009), raising a number of questions underpinning the raison d’être of the contrasting scenarios. The application of natural abundance stable isotope profiles as markers of the origin of the organic matter (Gebauer & Meyer, 2003; Trudell et al., 2003; Zimmer et al., 2007, 2008) further substantiated the fungal origin of the carbon and the fact that mycorrhizal fungi, and thus the carbon from nearby autotrophic plants, was often used by mycoheterotrophs. More recently, this method substantiated the use of organic matter by way of association with saprotrophic wood and litter decay fungi (e.g. Martos et al., 2009), in orchids at least. Lastly, direct investigations of carbon and water exchanges (Leake et al., 2004; Julou et al., 2005; Cameron et al., 2009) also contributed to refining our knowledge of the physiology of mycoheterotrophs. Moreover, radioactive labelling experiments with 14CO2 provided the first definitive evidence of fungus-to-plant carbon transfer for the orchid Corallorhiza trifida (McKendrick et al., 2000b). Mycoheterotrophic plants have been considered as botanical curiosities and, although they arose repeatedly in plant evolution (Leake, 1994), fully mycoheterotrophic plants are quite rare. Research on these fascinating organisms may, at first glance, appear to represent a disproportionate focus on the minutiae. However, recent research on mycoheterotrophs has revealed they are far from mere botanical curiosities. First, recent evidence has revealed that some green plants are partially mycoheterotrophic (a form of mixotrophy), utilizing carbon gained via both photosynthesis and mycoheterotrophy (Gebauer & Meyer, 2003; Julou et al., 2005; Hynson et al., 2009; reviewed in Selosse & Roy, 2009). Moreover, the extent of this strategy, a probable adaptation to living in dark, understory habitats, deserves further investigation in the many biomes in which mycoheterotrophs are found. Second, many plants may exhibit cryptic mycoheterotrophy; in excess of 10% of plants, from liverworts and ferns (Leake et al., 2008; Winther & Friedman, 2008) to orchids (Leake, 1994), rely on mycoheterotrophy at some point in their life cycle, especially at germination. The true extent of plant dependency on fungal carbon across the kingdom is unclear and, together with ecological implications such as adaptation to living in shade forest or germinating under a dense plant cover, it represents an exciting challenge for future research. Research on mycoheterotrophs opens numerous other future perspectives (Leake & Cameron, 2010); more research is awaited on physiology and carbon exchange between mycoheterotrophs and fungi, and into the evolution of specificity (and nonspecificity) of association (Gardes, 2002; Taylor, 2004). Mycoheterotrophs offer powerful models for understanding the evolution to achlorophylly to be paralleled with haustorial parasitic plants that feed directly on the vascular system of other plants, given the striking morphological and physiological convergence between these two groups of achlorophyllous plants (Cameron & Leake, 2007; Klimesnová, 2007; Irving & Cameron, 2009; Selosse & Roy, 2009). Many overlooked traits of mycoheterotrophs, such as the evolution of plastid genomes or reproductive biology, could be investigated in a comparative approach. In the coming years, New Phytologist looks forward to welcoming the exciting papers on these and other aspects of research into mycoheterotrophy!" @default.
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• W2092992077 title "Introduction to a <i>Virtual Special Issue</i> on mycoheterotrophy: <i>New Phytologist</i> sheds light on non‐green plants" @default.
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