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• W2093553507 abstract "The small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is involved in plasma membrane/endosomes trafficking. However, precisely how the activation of Arf6 regulates vesicular transport is still unclear. Here, we show that, in vitro, recombinant Arf6GTP recruits purified clathrin-adaptor complex AP-2 (but not AP-1) onto phospholipid liposomes in the absence of phosphoinositides. We also show that phosphoinositides and Arf6 tightly cooperate to translocate AP-2 to the membrane. In vivo, Arf6GTP (but not Arf6GDP) was found associated to AP-2. The expression of the GTP-locked mutant of Arf6 leads to the plasma membrane redistribution of AP-2 in Arf6GTP-enriched areas. Finally, we demonstrated that the expression of the GTP-locked mutant of Arf6 inhibits transferrin receptor internalization without affecting its recycling. Altogether, our results demonstrated that Arf6GTP interacts specifically with AP-2 and promotes its membrane recruitment. These findings strongly suggest that Arf6 plays a major role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by directly controlling the assembly of the AP-2/clathrin coat. The small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is involved in plasma membrane/endosomes trafficking. However, precisely how the activation of Arf6 regulates vesicular transport is still unclear. Here, we show that, in vitro, recombinant Arf6GTP recruits purified clathrin-adaptor complex AP-2 (but not AP-1) onto phospholipid liposomes in the absence of phosphoinositides. We also show that phosphoinositides and Arf6 tightly cooperate to translocate AP-2 to the membrane. In vivo, Arf6GTP (but not Arf6GDP) was found associated to AP-2. The expression of the GTP-locked mutant of Arf6 leads to the plasma membrane redistribution of AP-2 in Arf6GTP-enriched areas. Finally, we demonstrated that the expression of the GTP-locked mutant of Arf6 inhibits transferrin receptor internalization without affecting its recycling. Altogether, our results demonstrated that Arf6GTP interacts specifically with AP-2 and promotes its membrane recruitment. These findings strongly suggest that Arf6 plays a major role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by directly controlling the assembly of the AP-2/clathrin coat. The ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) 1The abbreviations used are: Arf, ADP-ribosylation factor; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PS, phosphatidylserine; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PI(3)P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PI(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate; PI(3,4,5)P3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; HA hemagglutinin; Dox, doxycycline; BHK, baby hamster kidney; mAb, monoclonal antibody; cpm, cycles/min; MEM, minimal essential medium; BSA, bovine serum albumin; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GTPγS, guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)-triphosphate; Tfn, transferrin; Tfn-R, transferrin receptor.1The abbreviations used are: Arf, ADP-ribosylation factor; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PS, phosphatidylserine; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PI(3)P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PI(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate; PI(3,4,5)P3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; HA hemagglutinin; Dox, doxycycline; BHK, baby hamster kidney; mAb, monoclonal antibody; cpm, cycles/min; MEM, minimal essential medium; BSA, bovine serum albumin; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GTPγS, guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)-triphosphate; Tfn, transferrin; Tfn-R, transferrin receptor. family, which includes six isoforms, regulates vesicular trafficking (1Nie Z. Hirsch D.S. Randazzo P.A. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2003; 15: 396-404Crossref PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar). Arf1, the most studied and abundant isoform, acts mainly at the level of the Golgi complex where it controls the formation of both COPI- and clathrin-coated vesicles. Indeed, Arf1 is required for recruitment of COPI (coatomer) complex and the clathrin adaptors AP-1, AP-3, and AP-4 onto Golgi membranes (2McMahon H.T. Mills I.G. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2004; 16: 379-391Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). Arf6, the most distant isoform, has been involved in plasma membrane/endosome trafficking and cortical actin reorganization (3Chavrier P. Goud B. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1999; 11: 466-475Crossref PubMed Scopus (420) Google Scholar). Several studies have implicated Arf6 in the regulation of both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis (4Altschuler Y. Liu S. Katz L. Tang K. Hardy S. Brodsky F. Apodaca G. Mostov K. J. Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 7-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar, 5Franco M. Peters P.J. Boretto J. van Donselaar E. Neri A. D'Souza-Schorey C. Chavrier P. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 1480-1491Crossref PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 6Palacios F. Schweitzer J.K. Boshans R.L. D'Souza-Schorey C. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002; 11: 11Google Scholar, 7Blagoveshchenskaya A.D. Thomas L. Feliciangeli S.F. Hung C.H. Thomas G. Cell. 2002; 111: 853-866Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (249) Google Scholar). Arf6 has also been implicated in recycling and exocytotic events (8D'Souza-Schorey C. Li G. Colombo M.I. Stahl P.D. Science. 1995; 267: 1175-1178Crossref PubMed Scopus (370) Google Scholar, 9Radhakrishna H. Donaldson J.G. J. Cell Biol. 1997; 139: 49-61Crossref PubMed Scopus (416) Google Scholar, 10Caumont A.S. Galas M.C. Vitale N. Aunis D. Bader M.F. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 1373-1379Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar). Despite a high degree of homology between Arf1 and Arf6 and a similar GTP-dependent membrane association, a direct demonstration of Arf6 involvement in coat recruitment has not yet been obtained. However, it has been recently shown that Arf6, by activation of PI4P5Kinase, could stimulate the membrane association of the clathrin adaptor AP-2 (11Krauss M. Kinuta M. Wenk M.R. De Camilli P. Takei K. Haucke V. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 113-124Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). This Arf6-stimulated production of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) has also been involved in calcium-dependent exocytosis (12Aikawa Y. Martin T.F. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 647-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar). Thus, although it is well established that Arf6 participates in membrane trafficking, its precise role remains obscure. Recently, we have shown that the GDP/GTP cycle of Arf6 occurs mainly at the plasma membrane, suggesting that this is where Arf6 functions take place (13Macia E. Luton F. Partisani M. Cherfils J. Chardin P. Franco M. J. Cell Sci. 2004; 117: 2389-2398Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). AP complexes are heterotetrameric proteins that participate in the formation of coated vesicles as well as the selection of cargo molecules (14Kirchhausen T. Cell. 2002; 109: 413-416Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 15Boehm M. Bonifacino J.S. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001; 12: 2907-2920Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar). AP-2 is composed of two large (α and β2, ∼100 kDa) one medium (μ2, 50 kDa), and one small (σ2, 17 kDa) subunits. It is involved in clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane by directly linking the clathrin coat with cargo proteins (16Traub L.M. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 163: 203-208Crossref PubMed Scopus (260) Google Scholar, 17Conner S.D. Schmid S.L. Nature. 2003; 422: 37-44Crossref PubMed Scopus (3033) Google Scholar). In this study, we looked for a possible interaction between Arf6 and the clathrin-adaptor AP-2 complex. We demonstrated that both in vitro and in vivo Arf6 interacts with AP-2 in a GTP-dependent manner but not with AP-1. We also found that phosphoinositides and Arf6GTP strongly cooperate to recruit AP-2 to the membrane. We then studied the role of Arf6 in clathrin-mediated transferrin receptor endocytosis. We demonstrated that Arf6 is involved in the early stages of clathrin-mediated receptor internalization. Our results suggest that Arf6 is involved in the clathrin-mediated receptor internalization by directly controlling AP-2 assembly onto the plasma membrane. Materials—Azolectin, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), liver phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), brain phosphatidylserine (PS) were purchased from Sigma. Brain phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) was from Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, AL). Brain phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) were from Echelon (Salt Lake City, UT). Transferrin (Tfn) unlabeled nucleotides were from Sigma. Sypro-Orange gel protein staining was from Bio-Rad. 0.4-μm pore size polycarbonate (Isopore) was from Millipore. 125I was from Amersham Biosciences AB (Uppsala, Sweden). Cell Culture and Antibodies—HeLa cell lines stably transfected with Arf6Q67L-HA protein under a tetracycline-regulated inducible system were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum and antibiotics, and in the presence or absence of doxycycline (Dox) (20 ng/ml). Growing cells in the absence of Dox for 48 h caused a 3–10-fold increased expression of recombinant Arf6 over endogenous proteins, as judged by immunoblot analyses. Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were grown in BHK-21 medium (Invitrogen) containing 5% fetal calf serum, 10% tryptose phosphate broth, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mm l-glutamine. The following antibodies were used: rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for HA epitope (clone 3F10 and 12CA5, (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), mouse mAb against Myc epitope (clone 9E10 Roche Diagnostics), mouse mAb against the transferring receptor (Tfn-R) (clone H68.4 Zymed Laboratories Inc., CA), and mouse mAb against Arf6 (provided by S. Bourgoin, Sainte-Foy, Canada). Mouse mAb against α-adaptin and γ-adaptin (BD Biosciences,) fluorescein isothiocyanate, and Texas-Red-conjugated antibodies were from Jackson ImmunoResearch. Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy—BHK cells plated on 11-mm round glass coverslips were transiently transfected with pcDNA3 HA-tagged Arf6 constructs using the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent as described by the manufacturer (Roche Applied Science). The cells were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline 24 h after transfection and then fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde and processed for immunofluorescence analysis as described previously (18Franco M. Boretto J. Robineau S. Monier S. Goud B. Chardin P. Chavrier P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 9926-9931Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar). Confocal microscopy analysis was carried out with a Leica TCS-SP microscope equipped with a mixed gas argon/krypton laser (Leica Microsystems). Measurement of Tfn Uptake and Recycling—Iron-saturated human Tfn was iodinated to a specific activity of ∼10.106 cpm/μg using ICl as described previously (19Breitfeld P.P. Harris J.M. Mostov K.E. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 109: 475-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar). For internalization, radiolabeled Tfn ([125I]Tfn) (2.106 cpm/sample) was bound to HeLa cells (0.5 × 106 cells/sample) on ice for 2 h in MEM containing 20 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH7.4, and 0.6% bovine serum albumin (MEM/BSA). The cells were washed twice in cold MEM/BSA to remove unbound [125I]Tfn and then incubated at 37 or 25 °C, as indicated, to allow internalization. At the indicated times, the cells were rapidly cooled on ice. [125I]Tfn was stripped from the cell surface by incubating the cells for 3 min at 4 °C with 100 mm glycine-HCl, pH 2.6, 150 mm NaCl. The cells were then lysed with lysis buffer (20 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH7.4, 1% Triton X-100, 150 mm NaCl) to determine the intracellular [125I]Tfn. The total [125I]Tfn initially bound to the cells includes the acid-stripped ligand from the cell surface and the cell-associated ligand not sensitive to acid treatment (endocytosed). The values are given as a percentage of the total [125I]Tfn. For recycling, cells were incubated for 10 min at 37 °C with [125I]Tfn (2.106 cpm/sample) in MEM/BSA and then cooled down on ice to stop endocytosis. The cells were washed, and surface-bound [125I]Tfn was removed by incubating the cells for 2 min at 4 °C with 100 mm glycine/HCl, pH 2.6, and 150 mm NaCl. After three washes in ice-cold MEM/BSA, the cells were further incubated at 25 °C to allow for Tfn recycling. At the indicated times, the medium was collected and replaced by a fresh one. After the last time point, the cells were lysed to recover the intracellular [125I]Tfn. The total [125I]Tfn includes ligand recovered from the medium (recycled) and cell-associated ligand. Measurements were plotted as a percentage of the total [125I]Tfn. The percentage of the spontaneous release that occurred between 0 and 30 s of the non-efficiently stripped plasma membrane [125I]Tfn (∼10% of the total) was substracted from each time point. Error bars represent the range in duplicate experiments. Each experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results. Co-immunoprecipitation Experiments—BHK-21 cells (2 × 106cells in 100-mm tissue culture dishes) were transfected with myc-Arf6Q67L or myc-Arf6T44N constructs. 24 h after transfection, the cells were lysed in 0.5 ml of lysis buffer (20 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4, 1% Nonidet P-40, 100 mm NaCl, 1 mm MgCl2, 0.25 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and a mixture of protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science). Lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 13,000 × g for 30 min; aliquots of each supernatant were kept for analysis. Thereafter, 5 μg of 9E10 antibody and 20 μl of protein A-Sepharose CL4B were added to the clarified lysates for 4 h at 4 °C. The beads were then washed in lysis buffer, and the immunoprecipitated proteins were separated on 12–15% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. GST Pull-down Experiments—GST, GST-Arf6, or GST-Arf1 (3 μm) loaded with 0.1 mm GDP or GTPγS at 1 μm free Mg2+ for 30 min at 37 °C were bound to glutathione beads and incubated with 3 mg/ml rat brain extract (in 20 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH7,4, 160 mm sucrose, 1 mm MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mm dithiothreitol, and a mixture of protease inhibitors) for 4 h at 4 °C. Thereafter, the beads were washed twice and eluted with 30 μl of Laemmli sample buffer. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and AP-2 was detected by Western blotting using anti-α adaptin antibody. Protein Purification—For production of myristoylated Arf6, Bl21(DE3) bacteria were cotransformed with pET-21b-Arf6 and pBB131 containing yeast myristoyl-transferase (20Duronio R.J. Jackson-Machelski E. Heuckeroth R.O. Olins P.O. Devine C.S. Yonemoto W. Slice L.W. Taylor S.S. Gordon J.I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87: 1506-1510Crossref PubMed Scopus (200) Google Scholar). Recombinant myristoylated Arf6 with the carboxyl-terminal hexahistidine tag was prepared as previously described (21Chavrier P. Franco M. Methods Enzymol. 2001; 329: 272-279Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar) followed by adsorption to His-bind resin (nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose; Qiagen). Thereafter, the protein was eluted with 200 mm imidazole (pH 8.0) in 10% glycerol. After gel filtration on NAP-10 columns (Amersham Biosciences), proteins were conserved in 50 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.0; 1 mm MgCl2; 1 mm dithiothreitol; 0.25 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 6 μm GTP. We and others (11Krauss M. Kinuta M. Wenk M.R. De Camilli P. Takei K. Haucke V. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 113-124Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar) have observed that the addition of a hexa-His tag does not modify the biochemical properties of Arf6 (GTP-dependent membrane binding, spontaneous and guanine nucleotide exchange factor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange activity, GAP sensitivity and effector interaction). Amino-terminally truncated (Δ13)Arf6 mutant was purified as described previously (22Macia E. Chabre M. Franco M. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 24925-24930Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). Wild-type or mutant Arf6 or Arf1 GST fusion proteins were purified from bacteria according to the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham Biosciences). Purification of AP-1 and AP-2 complexes were performed essentially as described previously (23Campbell C. Squicciarini J. Shia M. Pilch P.F. Fine R.E. Biochemistry. 1984; 23: 4420-4426Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar). Rat brain cytosol and P2′ fractions were prepared as described earlier (24Huttner W.B. Schiebler W. Greengard P. De Camilli P. J. Cell Biol. 1983; 96: 1374-1388Crossref PubMed Scopus (888) Google Scholar). Liposome Binding Assays—Large unilamellar vesicles of azolectin were prepared as previously described (25Franco M. Chardin P. Chabre M. Paris S. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 24531-24534Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Vesicles of defined composition were prepared by extrusion through a 0.4-μm pore size polycarbonate filter as described previously (26Macia E. Paris S. Chabre M. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 5893-5901Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). (Isopore, Millipore). After extrusion, the sucrose-loaded vesicles were diluted five times in 20 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4 and 100 mm NaCl, centrifuged for 20 min at 400,000 × g (in a Beckman TLA100.3 rotor) and resuspended in the same buffer. We made a range of vesicles based on two neutral phospholipids, 40% PC and 30% PE, and as indicated in the figure legend, we added 30% PS or 30% PS + 2% (if no other indication) of phosphoinositides (PI(3,4)P2, PI(4,5)P2, or PI(3,4,5)P3). For the binding assays, rat brain cytosol (0.5 mg/ml) or purified AP-1 or AP-2 (0.4 μm) were incubated for 15 min at 4 °C in a 70-μl final volume of HNM buffer (50 mm Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.5, 100 mm NaCl, 1 mm MgCl2, 1 mm dithiothreitol) supplemented with 1 mg/ml phospholipid vesicles. To test the effect of Arf6 on the membrane recruitment of AP-2, recombinant myristoylated Arf6 or recombinant amino-terminally deleted (Δ13)Arf6 mutant (1.5 μm unless otherwise indicated) were added to the incubation. After centrifugation for 20 min at 40,000 revolutions/min (TLA 100.1 Beckman rotor) at 4 °C, the lipid pellet was resuspended in the same volume of HNM buffer. The proportion of proteins in the pellet and in the supernatant was analyzed by Sypro-Orange staining after SDS-PAGE using a fluorescence imaging system. (LAS 3000, Fujifilm). MyrArf6GTP Recruits Specifically the AP-2 Complex onto Phospholipid Liposomes—By analogy with Arf1, which interacts with AP-1, -3, and -4, we studied the possibility that Arf6 recruits AP-2 to the lipid membrane. To address this question, a rat brain cytosol was incubated with liposomes in the absence or presence of recombinant Arf6 proteins. We used the GTP-loaded Arf6 wild-type and the Arf6 mutants Q67L and T44N that are respectively locked in GTP- and GDP-bound conformations (8D'Souza-Schorey C. Li G. Colombo M.I. Stahl P.D. Science. 1995; 267: 1175-1178Crossref PubMed Scopus (370) Google Scholar, 13Macia E. Luton F. Partisani M. Cherfils J. Chardin P. Franco M. J. Cell Sci. 2004; 117: 2389-2398Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar). After incubation and sedimentation of the liposomes, the recruitment of AP-2 was monitored by Western blotting. Fig. 1A shows that AP-2 is associated to lipids only when Arf6GTP is present. This experiment indicates that Arf6GTP induces the membrane recruitment of AP-2. This could result from an Arf6-mediated increase in the synthesis of PIP2 that binds AP-2, or else from the formation of a protein complex between Arf6 and AP-2. Thus, we performed a GST pull-down experiment. We found that GST-Arf6GTP efficiently pulled down AP-2 from a detergent extract of rat brain, suggesting that the two molecules are part of the same complex (Fig. 1B). In contrast, neither the inactive form of Arf6 nor the two conformations of Arf1 were able to pull down the AP-2 complex (Fig. 1B). To look for an eventual direct interaction between Arf6 and AP-2, we performed the liposome binding experiments in presence of the purified proteins. In the absence of Arf6, purified AP-2 adaptors were almost entirely recovered in the supernatant (Fig. 1C). The addition of myristoylated Arf6 locked in the GDP conformation (mArf6T44N) had no effect on the membrane recruitment of AP-2. By contrast, in the presence of myristoylated GTP-loaded Arf6, a fraction of AP-2 complex was found associated with the liposomes. This membrane-bound fraction of AP-2 increased in an Arf6GTP dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1C). We observed that the addition of a soluble Arf6GTP, the amino-terminally deleted (Δ13)Arf6 mutant, did not recruit AP-2 onto liposomes (Fig. 1C). This suggests that the binding of Arf6 to the membrane is required for AP-2 translocation. Previous studies (27Brown H.A. Gutowski S. Moomaw C.R. Slaughter C. Sternweis P.C. Cell. 1993; 75: 1137-1144Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (820) Google Scholar, 28Cockcroft S. Thomas G.M. Fensome A. Geny B. Cunningham E. Gout I. Hiles I. Totty N.F. Truong O. Hsuan J.J. Science. 1994; 263: 523-526Crossref PubMed Scopus (585) Google Scholar, 29Massenburg D. Han J.S. Liyanage M. Patton W.A. Rhee S.G. Moss J. Vaughan M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 11718-11722Crossref PubMed Scopus (245) Google Scholar) have shown that Arf6 activates some lipid-modifying enzymes, such as the phospholipase D and the phosphatidylinositol-(4)-phosphate 5-kinase (11Krauss M. Kinuta M. Wenk M.R. De Camilli P. Takei K. Haucke V. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 113-124Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar, 12Aikawa Y. Martin T.F. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 647-659Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar, 30Honda A. Nogami M. Yokozeki T. Yamazaki M. Nakamura H. Watanabe H. Kawamoto K. Nakayama K. Morris A.J. Frohman M.A. Kanaho Y. Cell. 1999; 99: 521-532Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (690) Google Scholar); the latter leading to the formation of phosphoinositides. Moreover, AP-2 has been shown to bind preferentially to polyphosphoinositides (31Gaidarov I. Chen Q. Falck J.R. Reddy K.K. Keen J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 20922-20929Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar, 32Rohde G. Wenzel D. Haucke V. J. Cell Biol. 2002; 158: 209-214Crossref PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar, 33Collins B.M. McCoy A.J. Kent H.M. Evans P.R. Owen D.J. Cell. 2002; 109: 523-535Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (443) Google Scholar). Here, we analyzed the effect of different phosphoinositides on the association of AP-2 to liposomes (Fig. 2). In the absence of Arf6, we observed only a small binding of AP-2 to PI(3)P. In contrast, when PIP2 or PIP3 (2%) were incorporated into the liposomes, the binding of AP-2 was strongly increased, PI(4,5)P2 giving the highest binding (∼40% of the AP-2 was associated with PIP(4,5)P2-containing vesicles). Our result confirms that AP-2 specifically recognizes polyphosphoinositides and particularly PIP(4,5)P2. In the presence of Arf6GTP, a very strong binding of AP-2 (∼75%) was observed for the three types of vesicles, PI(3,4)P2 giving the lowest binding. Thus, these results show that Arf6GTP and polyphosphoinositides cooperate to recruit AP-2 to lipid membranes. To determine whether Arf6 could also induce the membrane recruitment of AP-1, purified AP-1 and AP-2 were mixed together and incubated with liposomes in the presence or absence of Arf6GTP. After sedimentation, we observed that the AP-1 tetramer was essentially recovered in the soluble fraction independently of the presence of Arf6 (Fig. 3A). In contrast, Arf6 induced a strong association of AP-2 to the lipids. We tested different compositions of liposomes and did not observe any Arf6-stimulated membrane recruitment of AP-1 (Fig. 3B) These experiments suggest that the interaction between Arf6 and AP-2 is specific. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that Arf6 could regulate the specific membrane recruitment of AP-2 both directly by recruiting AP-2 and indirectly by activating the PI4P5K (11Krauss M. Kinuta M. Wenk M.R. De Camilli P. Takei K. Haucke V. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 113-124Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). Arf6GTP Co-immunoprecipitates with the Clathrin Adaptor AP-2—Next, we proceeded by conducting co-immunoprecipitation experiments in cells expressing either inactive or active Arf6 mutants. We observed that AP-2, as probed by α-adaptin, was selectively co-immunoprecipitated with the GTP-locked mutant (Arf6Q67L) but not with the GDP-locked mutant (Arf6T44N) (Fig. 4A). In addition, no co-immunoprecipitation was observed between Arf6 mutants and the AP-1 complex (Fig. 4A). These results confirm that Arf6GTP interacts specifically with AP-2 in vivo. Expression of Arf6Q67L Leads to the Redistribution of AP-2 at the Plasma Membrane Where They Colocalize—We then analyzed the effect of the expression of the two mutants of Arf6 on the plasma membrane distribution of AP-2. Fig. 4B shows a redistribution of AP-2 toward GTP-locked Arf6Q67L-enriched regions of the plasma membrane (Fig. 4B). On the contrary, the AP-2 localization was not affected by the expression of the GDP-locked mutant (Arf6T44N). Although one cannot exclude that the redistribution of AP-2 was due to an increase in PIP2 level, our in vitro experiments, as well as immunoprecipitation data, argue in favor of a direct recruitment of AP-2 by Arf6. Expression of Arf6Q67L Strongly Inhibits the Internalization of the Tfn-R but Has No Effect on Its Recycling—Whether Arf6 regulates clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis is still a controversial question. Our findings shed new light on this question. Because Arf6GTP interacts with AP-2 both in vitro and in vivo and recruits the complex to the membrane, we proposed that Arf6 could control clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To test this hypothesis, we examined the trafficking of the Tfn-R as a marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To avoid artifacts associated with overexpression of the Tfn-R, as well as Arf6 proteins, we prepared stable HeLa cell lines expressing the GTPase-defective mutant of Arf6 under the tetracycline-regulated repressible system and monitored the trafficking of the endogenous Tfn-R by following iodinated Tfn. Fig. 5A shows that expression (-Dox) of Arf6Q67L strongly decreased Tfn internalization. To slow down and enhance characterization of the initial rate, the experiment was also conducted at 25 °C (Fig. 5A, inset). The initial rate was 9.5 ± 0.4%/min in control cells (+Dox) and 4.58 ± 0.04%/min in Arf6Q67L-expressing cells (-Dox). After 15 min, the plateau reached was reduced by 45.4 ± 1.5% in Arf6Q67L-expressing cells. These results demonstrated that overexpression of Arf6GTP interferes with endogenous Tfn-R endocytosis. This Arf6Q67L-induced inhibition of Tfn-R endocytosis was probably not a consequence of the overactivation of the Arf6 effector PI4P5Kinase. Indeed, it has been demonstrated recently that overexpressing the kinase leads to a stimulation of Tfn-R internalization (34Padron D. Wang Y.J. Yamamoto M. Yin H. Roth M.G. J. Cell Biol. 2003; 162: 693-701Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar). An explanation for this Arf6-induced inhibition could be that when Arf6 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis by recruiting AP-2, the expression of a constitutively activated Arf6 should compete with the endogenous Arf6 for AP-2 binding at the plasma membrane. Such a competition would lead to the inhibition of the AP-2-dependent internalization as observed. We next analyzed the role of Arf6 on Tfn recycling. [125I]Tfn was internalized for 10 min at 37 °C. The cells were then cooled down on ice and acid-stripped to remove the cell surface-associated Tfn. The cells were then incubated at 25 °C to allow [125I]Tfn recycling. The experiment was performed at 25 °C to slow down the reaction, because as observed for the internalization at 37 °C, the recycling was fast, and the initial rate was difficult to measure. As shown in Fig. 5B, we measured a slight inhibition when cells expressed the Arf6Q67L mutant. The initial rate of Tfn recycling was 2.99 ± 0.07%/min in control cells (+Dox) and 2.68 ± 0.08%/min in Arf6Q67L-expressing cells (-Dox). At the plateau, [125I]Tfn recycling was slightly inhibited (≤10%) in Arf6Q67L-expressing cells. These results demonstrate that Arf6 is primarily involved in the first steps of Tfn-R endocytosis and has only a slight, although reproducible, effect on its recycling. Taken altogether, our results suggest that Arf6 plays a role in endocytosis by controlling the assembly of the AP-2/clathrin coat. Thus, Arf family proteins appear to be widely used by the intracellular vesicular machinery to control membrane association of coat proteins. However, cellular depletion of Arf6, by small interfering RNA, has recently been shown to affect not only the clathrin-dependent but also clathrin-independent ligand-induced endocytosis of a set of G-protein-coupled receptors (35Houndolo T. Boulay P.L. Claing A. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 5598-5604Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar). These results suggest that Arf6 may exert an additional role in endocytosis than just recruiting the AP-2 complex. This has been demonstrated at least in polarized cells where Arf6GTP was involved in the dynamin-mediated endocytosis of the E-cadherin by recruiting the nucleoside diphosphate-kinase Nm23 protein (6Palacios F. Schweitzer J.K. Boshans R.L. D'Souza-Schorey C. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002; 11: 11Google Scholar). Thus, it appears that by regulating different effectors, Arf6 could control different endocytic pathways as well as different steps of the same pathway. Further experiments will now be necessary to define the molecular mechanism that couples the activation of Arf6 with the receptor to be internalized. We are indebted to W. Boll and I. Rapoport for help with adaptor protein purification. We thank Drs. K. Singer, M. Chabre, P. Chavrier, and B. Antonny for critical reading of the manuscript." @default.
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• W2093553507 date "2005-06-01" @default.
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• W2093553507 title "The Small G-protein Arf6GTP Recruits the AP-2 Adaptor Complex to Membranes" @default.
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