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• W2094363002 abstract "Hebrew Studies 32 (1991) 71 Reviews by Agus' treatment of the tension between Law and Martyrdom (see pp. 45, 186-187, chap. 11) but unconvinced by his effort to integrate other aspects of rabbinic thought (e.g., the long chap. 8 on Repentance and the charismatic figures, chaps. 5-7) into this matrix. Agus is at his best when he probes the depth of a particular religious thought or sentiment (pp. 192, 195). The effort, however, to construct an overall system and the attendant desire to hear and interpret texts in light of that system I felt was less persuasive. This is a handsome volume in a relatively new series and certainly contributes to a heightened sensitivity to hermeneutics and religion. It deserves the attention of scholars in the field. Marc Hirshman University of Haifa Haifa 31999 Israel THE INVENTION OF HEBREW PROSE: MODERN FICTION AND THE LANGUAGE OF REALISM. By Robert Alter. Samuel and Althea Stroum Lectures in Jewish Studies. Pp. xi + 122. Seattle: University of Washington, 1988. Cloth, $15.00. In this most brilliant study, Robert Alter traces the emergence of Hebrew language in fiction from the tum of the century to the present. What is remarkable about that emergence, in Europe, is that the language used has no spoken vernacular to support it. There is, however, a one-sided relation between Hebrew literature and its European counterpart as the European models are adapted to the needs of Hebrew fiction. Thus S. Y. Agnon, in the 1920s after a decade-and-a-half of writing midrashic/hassidic parables with a modernistic slant, finally adopted the novel form after having regarded the novel as a non-Hebraic form. The first Hebrew novel was Abraham Mapu's Ahavat Zion (The Love of Zion) in 1853. Written in a pseudo-euphemistic Hebrew, the reality it depicts is non-referential; it is a romantic tale whose language is a lofty pastiche. One thread followed throughout Alter's study is that of the nusab-the traditional musical mode for chanting prayers in synagogue worship. There are two such modes, an Ashkenazi nusab as well as a Sephardi nusab, each Hebrew Studies 32 (1991) 72 Reviews reflecting what might be called a distinct style:' The creator of what might be called the nusab for modem Hebrew prose is Mendele Macher Sforim (1836-1917). In 1910 the Hebrew poet Bialik (1873-1934) published a definitive article titled Yotzer Hanusab (Creator of the Nusab). For Bialik, the nusab is more than a mere style or rhythm; it is a vehicle of expressiveness. Thus the nusab becomes a clearly recognizable use of language as easily adaptable to fiction as to liturgy. Mendele provided a stylistic infrastructure for Hebrew as well as Yiddish literature. Bialik came to see that once the nusab or convention was established, one could not conceive of literature without it. Thus the nusab is the idiom of a period, the indicator of its Zeitgeist. Even to challenge the convention, Bialik said, we need a grounding from which to deviate and introduce change. Accordingly, Bialik deplores the reliance on the pasuk, that is, the biblical verse, a reliance that was prevalent in the period before Mendele; and with it he rejects the mob of words one finds in that literature, the loose compilation of words that falls apart under any structural scrutiny. What was needed were new patterns allowing for new verbal/emotional combinations. Eventually the euphemistic style disappeared from Hebrew letters, along with the poetasters who could assemble nothing better than shaky verbal edifices. This is why Bialik makes the point that the nusab allows for deeper psychological insight and why he saw Mendele's style as a de novo creation. For his part, Bialik is the creator of the nusab in modem Hebrew poetry; and the praise he showered on Mendele, as the grandfather of both Hebrew and Yiddish prose. could be applied to Bialik as well. The emergence of the nusab, therefore. is marked by the death of the me/itsah. the euphemistic rhetoric of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . The pitting of fancy against imagination already points to the demise of the meJitsah towards the end of the nineteenth century and..." @default.
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• W2094363002 title "<i>The Invention of Hebrew Prose: Modern Fiction and the Language of Realism</i> (review)" @default.
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