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• W2096367028 abstract "Various laboratory methods and mathematical models are being developed to assess the hazards of chemicals to aquatic environments. Although the approach is generally accepted, many of the methods and models have not been validated by comparison with field observations. In this study we compared predictions of the fate and biological effects of a reference compound, pentachlorophenol (PCP), with observations in experimental outdoor ponds. PCP was repeatedly applied to the subsurface water of three ponds with the aim of maintaining an average concentration of 50 to 100 μg/L in the water for a period of 30 d. At this dosage level chronic toxicity to some organisms was expected. Evaporation, sorption, hydrolysis, biodegradation and indirect phototransformation of PCP were expected to be of minor importance under the environmental conditions encountered in the ponds. The partition coefficient of PCP between water and wet sediment was predicted to be near unity and the dominant loss process to be direct phototransformation. The rate of this process was calculated using the SOLAR mathematical model. Data used for this calculation were the light absorption spectrum of PCP, the quantum yield for the light-activated reaction, depth and light attenuation of pond water, season and latitude. After correcting for cloud cover, the calculated rate constant was 0.23 to 0.46 d−1. In good agreement with the calculations, the observed rate of loss was 0.15 to 0.34 d−1, and there was no evidence of accumulation in sediment. The results of chronic toxicity tests with various species of fish, two species of snail and the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna Straus were consistent with field observations. Chronic toxicity to filamentous algae (Chara sp. and Enteromorpha sp.) was observed in the field, and their death and decay were responsible for depression of dissolved oxygen concentrations and fish deaths. Direct effects on filamentous algae and the indirect effects caused by their death and decay could not be predicted in the absence of relevant laboratory data." @default.
• W2096367028 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2096367028 date "1985-02-01" @default.
• W2096367028 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2096367028 title "Fate and biological effects of pentachlorophenol in outdoor ponds" @default.
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• W2096367028 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620040110" @default.
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