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- W2097188294 abstract "ABSTRACT This research tests whether there is any impact on voluntary earnings disclosures released after the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In terms of bias and information content, findings suggest that forecasts tend to significantly differ during a post Sarbanes-Oxley environment. With increasing numbers of publicly-held firms implementing the Sarbanes-Oxley rules, these findings have practical implications on users of forecast information. INTRODUCTION Prior research in the study of voluntary earnings disclosures finds that managers release information that is unbiased relative to subsequently revealed earnings and that tends to contain more bad news than good news [Baginski et al.(1994), and Frankel (1995)]. Such releases are also found to contain information content [Patell (1976), Waymire (1984), and Pownell and Waymire (1989)]. Although forecast release is costly, credible disclosure will occur if sufficient incentives exist. These incentives include bringing investor/manager expectations in line [Ajinkya and Gift (1984)], removing the need for expensive sources of additional information [Diamond (1985)], reducing the cost of capital to the firm [Diamond and Verrechia (1987)], and reducing potential lawsuits [Lees (1981)]. One area that is just beginning to be researched is the ramificati on of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 on such issues as audit opinions, income smoothing and impact of earnings forecasts. Ewert and Wagenhofer (2005) find that tighter accounting standards provide more relevant information to the capital market. The implication of this finding could be that tighter standards, as evidenced through Sarbanes-Oxley, result in less earnings management, and therefore, less bias and greater information content of earnings disclosures in a post Sarbanes-Oxley environment. In addressing this research question, I rely upon literature that indicates different incentive structures that may lead to earnings management. DeAngelo (1986) shows that managers have incentives during management buyouts to manage earnings downward in attempts to reduce buyout compensation. Collins and DeAngelo (1990) show that earnings management occurs during proxy contests, and market reaction to earnings during these contests is different. DeAngelo (1990) finds that managers have incentives during merger activities to manage earnings upward so as to convey to current stockholders that the potential merger will not adversely affect their investment. Perry and Williams (1994) find that management of accounting earnings occurs in the year preceding going private buyouts. Stunda (1996) finds that managers exert greater upward earnings management during mergers and acquisitions, while Stunda (2000) finds that managers tend to manage earnings upward during periods of management changes. This study assesses whether or not there are any significant differences in management forecast credibility in a post Sarbanes-Oxley [post] environment versus a pre Sarbanes-Oxley ['pre] environment. In accomplishing this, the presence of earnings forecast management is tested by using bias measures along with the market reaction to the forecasts. The study focus is on firms that have issued earnings forecasts during the period 2003-2005. Results are compared to the same firms that have released earnings forecasts during the period 1997-2001. In addition, firms that had any confounding issues during these periods (i.e., management changes, mergers, acquisitions, etc.) were eliminated from the sample. Based upon statistical analysis, conclusions are drawn that identify whether Sarbanes-Oxley becomes a factor that influences management earnings forecasts. This would have implications for voluntary disclosures in general, and specifically would indicate if such voluntary disclosures are more or less biased in a post Sarbanes-Oxley environment. HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT Hypothesis About Bias of Management Forecast If the same degree of earnings management (whether positive or negative) exists in both the forecast of earnings and actual earnings, the expectation is that there would be no difference in forecast error. …" @default.
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- W2097188294 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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- W2097188294 title "The Effects of Sarbanes-Oxley on Earnings Forecasts" @default.
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