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• W2098397013 abstract "The main objective of sustainable urban water systems is to satisfy the water related needs of the community at the lowest cost to society whilst minimising environmental and social impacts. This paper explores these objectives in relation to effluent reuse in urban areas. It describes the evolutionary progress of urban water reuse from agricultural reuse, to large scale industrial reuse, and then to dual reticulation for urban developments. It argues that the next step in this progression is to more fully implement the principles of the water quality cascade, and to use the benefits associated with reducing sewage and water transport costs to trade off increased costs associated with distributed treatment and reuse systems. The other key message of the paper is that there is a logical order of investment in methods of sustainable urban water management, both in terms of unit cost and energy intensity, starting with improved efficiency of water use. These options, improved water efficiency, generally have the lowest unit cost, with typical levelised costs of $0.1-0.7/kL. They also result in a reduction of energy use from hot water savings and reduced pumping and treatment. Scheme supplies can vary typically from $0.2-1.2/kL, depending on the cost of augmentation, and have energy intensity levels in the range 300-1,000 kWh/ML. High level reuse can cost between less than $1/kL for large scale industrial reuse, to over $3/kL for dual reticulation schemes. The energy intensity of high level reuse can be as high as 4,000 kWh/ML. The implications of this are clear. Water efficiency options must be invested in first, and to the maximum extent possible. In future, investment in reuse needs to focus on reducing the demand for potable water. In order to avoid the duplication of costs, it needs to be directed to a reduction in the costs of transport of water and sewage. This is particularly the case for sewage transport, where a number of studies indicate that the economies of scale that have been assumed to exist may not, in fact be present. In other words, larger, more centralised networks and treatment systems do not necessarily reduce the per lot cost over the whole life cycle, compared to distributed networks. Several studies have now looked at a mixture of best practice water efficiency, rainwater capture and reuse, effluent reuse in a distributed manner, and ‘smart sewers’. The latter includes small diameter pressurised sewer systems coupled with on site storage, which eliminates wet weather infiltration and also allows control over loading on sewage treatment plants." @default.
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• W2098397013 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W2098397013 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2098397013 title "The Role of Effluent Reuse In Sustainable Urban Water Systems: Untapped Opportunities" @default.
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