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- W2099666564 abstract "Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic prefer ences when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g., fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups' behavior generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination. (JEL J15, J31, J44, J71, L83)" @default.
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- W2099666564 date "2011-06-01" @default.
- W2099666564 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2099666564 title "Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation" @default.
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- W2099666564 doi "https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.4.1410" @default.
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