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• W2100056754 abstract "Physics students are often told a story along the following lines: iDuring the nineteenth century, all physicists believed in the Ether, and wasted much effort trying to study it. In the nick of time, the great heroes Michelson and Morley arrived on the scene, and with their experiment, vanquished the Ether. Physics was thus turned away from a dead end, and progress again became possible.i Apart from being wrong, this also does scant justice to a prolic and fruitful period in which the foundations of much of modern mathematical physics were laid down. We outline the rise and fall of the Ether, and its role, far from encumbrance, as the strand intertwining developments in electrodynamics, optics, and special relativity. The elastic-solid Ether is probed in greater detail to allow the importance not of the fairytale's critical experiments, but rather of boundary conditions, to emerge. During the nineteenth century, all physicists believed in the Ether, a medium which carried light waves. After Maxwell and his electromagnetic theory, some also believed the Ether to carry electromagnetic waves. Towards the end of the century, however, the heroes of the fairytale, two physicists called Michel- son and Morley, performed an experiment which would banish the Ether forever. They found that the speed of light was the same in directions parallel and perpendicular to the earth's movement. After they published their results, the Ether was uniformly believed to be a false medium, and physicists no longer regarded it as the carrier of light waves. Thus, the way was cleared for progress in physics, allowing quantum mechanics and special relativity to be developed, after which the Ether was never again men- tioned. A closer examination of the history of this elusive substance reveals the thoroughly make-believe nature of the tale. In the rst place, belief in the Ether by physicists was not at all uniform: some found it merely a useful construct, while even among those who admitted its existence, dissention was rife. That is, a multiplicity of Ether theories exist from Descartes to dark energy. Secondly, light waves were not the only physical phenomena to be explained through the Ether's existence. Electricity, gravity, atomic matter, and spiritual life were variously attributed to the properties of an Ether. Thirdly, Michelson's experiments aimed to differentiate between only two of the many theories, and were moreover inconclusive. ˘ther theory thus survived, not to be suppressed by experiment, but to ourish in scientic discourse to the present day. Ultimately, work on Ether theories was not wasted on a dead end, but produced classical electrodynamics and the mathematics of special relativity, and drove rapid progress in other elds such as elastodynamics. As such interrelation between physics disciplines is often unsuspected by students accustomed to compartmentalised courses, this paper deconstructs the Ether myth, outlining the critical features of each of several major classes of Ether theory. One such class is the elastic-solid Ether, which is examined more comprehensively to unmask the critical role, not of mythical experiments, but instead of boundary conditions to differential equations. Finally, the Ether is shown to have persisted in the modern scientic discourse, even in the work of such physics heroes as Einstein and Dirac." @default.
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• W2100056754 date "2006-01-01" @default.
• W2100056754 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2100056754 title "Aether theories: A physics fairytale re-told" @default.
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