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• W2102365259 abstract "We frequently encounter examples of the tissue damage caused by oxygen. Usually they go unrecognized, since we have been schooled to regard oxygen, except when it is inhaled at high concentrations for too long, as altogether wholesome. Nowadays its danger is increasingly acknowledged: we aerobes are playing with fire, and it can get out of hand. While oxygen is necessary for the high energy output our biochemical complexity demands, it must be closely controlled if it is not to destroy us. Tissues are injured when these control systems are either impaired or overwhelmed. The purpose of this lecture is to review these processes and their implications for our understanding of tissue damage in pathology. First we need to take a simplified excursion into elemental chemistry. THE BASIC CHEMISTRY The outermost orbitals of most conventional (i.e., nonradical) molecules are occupied by a pair of electrons that spin in opposite directions. This is the most stable configuration, and it predisposes the compound to undergo reactions governed by the rules of valency and covalent bonding. A free radical, in contrast, has an unpaired electron in its outer orbital (represented by a dot in its formula). This single electron confers instability and high reactivity on the molecule. The need to acquire an extra electron, and thus regain stability, is so urgent that free radicals ignore the normal chemical conventions and pull electrons (typically in the form of a hydrogen atom) from adjacent molecules. The outcome, if free radical generation is intense and uncontrolled, is general molecular chaos and loss of function. Once formed, free radicals tend to propagate a chain reaction, each attacked molecule in its turn being one electron short and thus sufficiently reactive to steal one from its neighbour. Molecules that share the energy of the unpaired remaining electron between several sites are said to possess resonance stability: they are stable enough to break the chain when it is their turn to lose an electron. These agents, such as vitamin E and the synthetic molecule butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), are loosely termed antioxidants, but more strictly they are chainbreaking radical scavengers. Thus a vitamin E or BHA radical is formed, but it is no longer “free”, and does not disrupt adjacent molecules. The broad relevance of" @default.
• W2102365259 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2102365259 creator A5084713074 @default.
• W2102365259 date "1986-01-01" @default.
• W2102365259 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2102365259 title "Tissue damage caused by free oxygen radicals" @default.
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• W2102365259 doi "https://doi.org/10.3109/00313028609059455" @default.
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