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• W2102886766 abstract "I. IntroductionThe 'Copenhagen criteria' have been widely viewed as constituting a successful incentive structure and sanctioning mechanism for the European Union (EU) in the promotion of human rights and the protection of minorities. The EU's 'conditionality' on the accession of the Central and Eastern European candidate countries (CEECs) is one that potentially embodies a power asymmetry whereby the EU can use conditionality as an instrument to exert political leverage on candidates to ensure the requisite outcomes in policy or legislation. The leverage of conditionality is understood as one of the primary means of 'democracy promotion' and the creation of 'foreign made democracy' by the EU in the CEECs.1 There are, however, few studies that have systematically analyzed the application and impact of conditionality, in particular political conditionality, towards the CEECs in specific policy areas or its evolution over time.2 This is a serious deficit in our understanding of how EU conditionality operates in practice. The analysis presented here takes a process tracking approach to study the relationship of EU conditionality to changes in minority rights protection in the CEECs. The issue of minority protection is, we believe, the most extreme case for analyzing the problem of linkage between EU membership conditionality and compliance by candidate countries. The standard measure of compliance employed in studies of EU enlargement, the degree and pace of transposition of the acquis de l'union, is not useful since EU law is virtually non- existent, and EU practice is so divergent, in the policy area of minority protection. We examine how the EU's monitoring process operated, what its benchmarks were, how the EU process interacted with those of other international organizations, and evaluate what its impact was on the candidate countries.We can best evaluate the methods employed by the EU to monitor minority protection in the CEECs by focusing on the role of the Commission. Enlargement was a policy task that was allocated to the Commission by the Copenhagen Council of 1993, requiring it to handle the negotiations and to monitor and report on the fulfilment of the accession conditions. We analyze the structure and content of the Commission's main instrument for monitoring progress on accession, the Regular Reports on the candidate countries. Then, we examine whether there is a plausible correlation between the Regular Reports and policy-making in the field of minority rights protection by CEECs.II. Minorities in Trans itionThe most widely employed paradigm for understanding the process of post- communist change is that of 'transition to democracy'. This approach to democratization stresses two key determinants. Firstly, long-term structural development through modernization.3 Secondly, contingent actor-related strategies and elite bargaining.4 The effect of other types of cleavages, such as ethnicity and religion, are not prominent factors of analysis in the conventional transition paradigm, if they are considered at all. When transitology does address the issue of minorities, their presence in a transition state is viewed as a major obstacle to democratization.5 Some studies argue that minorities represent a challenge to democratizing nation- states that has serious potential for political instability and, consequently, are best managed by centralization and assimilatory policies.6Multiculturalism and multi-ethnicity are also viewed, more generally, as a significant issue for the political stability of nation-states. The potential for instability, perhaps leading to the worst possible outcome of violent secession, is particularly associated with the presence of territorialized minorities. Much of the research on national and ethnic conflict suggests that such deeply divided societies can be stabilized by institutional designs which accommodate diversity. Rights derived from belonging to a distinct minority group can be protected by a range of institutional legal and political mechanisms, for example, by federal, consociational or some hybrid form of institutionalized power-sharing. …" @default.
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• W2102886766 date "2003-04-01" @default.
• W2102886766 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2102886766 title "Monitoring the Monitors: EU Enlargement Conditionality and Minority Protection in the CEECs" @default.
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