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• W2103177380 abstract "Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . ix + 282 pages. ISBN 9780262013314 , $48.00 cloth. ISBN 9780262513074 , $24.00 paper . Jason Corburn . 2009 . Breakthrough Communities: Sustainability and Justice in the Next American Metropolis . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press . xli + 446 pages. ISBN 9780262012683 , $54.00 cloth. ISBN 9780262512350 , $29.00 paper . M. Paloma Pavel, editor, with foreword by Carl Anthony . 2009 . Those who have toiled to understand and help overcome the myriad problems facing American cities over the last many decades will take great satisfaction in seeing the prospect of cities on the rise, as reflected in a new wave of hopeful scholarship. Many U.S. cities are growing again owing to a wide array of factors and influences, not the least of which is that cities themselves have increasingly engaged in local public policies designed to improve the quality of life, sustainability, and health of their residents, and to consciously do so with an eye toward greater equity. Two books published in 2009 by MIT Press advance the case that indeed cities have taken the challenge of becoming America's laboratory for innovation. Even in the face of mounting financial limitations, or perhaps because of them, many cities have increasingly moved toward planning, adopting, and implementing local and regional policies and programs that have started to pay huge equity dividends. Jason Corburn, associate professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that city planning has traditionally not been very effective at guiding cities’ policies and programs in such a way as to address major public health concerns, particularly among the urban disadvantaged. Frequently, planning has perhaps inadvertently contributed to making the health of people worse by not being explicitly attuned to health outcomes. He argues that city planning must “reconnect” with public health to pave a path so that cities can pursue policies and programs that help reduce childhood asthma, diabetes, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems. To Corburn, such health problems are as much a reflection of the failure of local planning and policy as they are purely individual and personal. The heart of Corburn's analysis is a prescription for a new way of thinking about city and urban planning, a “new decision making framework” he calls “healthy city planning.” Much of this new framework is rooted in his advocacy of a new mindset for planners, one that shifts from “removal of hazards and people” to “prevention and precaution,” from “overreliance on scientific rationality” to “co-production of scientific knowledge,” and from “moral environmentalism and physical determinism” to a “relational view of places.” After outlining the challenges confronting 21st century city planning in Chapter 1, Corburn turns in Chapter 2 to explaining the (mostly 20th century) development of city planning in his effort to discover the roots of city planning as being concerned with public health issues. This chapter at once makes the case that public health concerns had in previous times been a significant if uneasy concern in planning, and that the planning profession and practice moved far away from this concern. Chapter 3, “Urban Governance and Public Health,” argues that with a renewed interest in public health, planners must understand the wide array of factors—well beyond local planning and policies—that affect peoples’ health. Chapter 4, “Toward a Politics of Healthy City Planning,” begins to lay out the argument that the political processes of cities must look very different than they do in most places today. With special reference to New York City and San Francisco, Corburn documents how local and regional policies have shifted to emphasize prevention of public health problems, to co-production of scientific knowledge, and to building coalitions in support of this mindset and approach. Embedded in this chapter is a familiar critique of “professionalism,” particularly but not exclusively among planners, that presumably impedes such shifts. Chapter 5, “Reframing Environmental Health Practice,” and Chapter 6, “Healthy Urban Development,” use San Francisco as the empirical foundation for explaining how and why planning there shifted to a focus on public health equity. In the former, the Bayview-Hunter Point neighborhood, “burdened, like other postindustrial urban areas, by the overlapping legacies of toxic pollution, unemployment, deteriorating infrastructure, and displacement of a once vibrant and cohesive cultural community” presents a story where local leaders were pushed by grassroots organizations to become attuned to issues of environmental and social justice. The latter uses the Trinity Plaza redevelopment project to highlight how the City Department of Public Health, working through its Program on Health, Equity and Sustainability, responded to resident opposition to the initial demolition-based redevelopment proposals to alter planning processes and begin incorporating health impacts into their overall project assessment. Chapter 7, “Health Impact Assessment,” builds on the observations and experiences in the previous chapters to present a comprehensive outline of the shape and content of planning processes that are health-oriented. It uses San Francisco's Eastern Neighborhoods Community Health Impact Assessment as the basis for prescribing a comprehensive view of planning that includes setting clear objectives for environmental stewardship, sustainable and safe transportation, public safety, public infrastructure, adequate and healthy housing, a healthy economy, and community participation. For those who wish to see explicit linkages strengthened between local planning and policy on one hand and public health outcomes on the other, this book is extremely important. As a practical matter, the book correctly suggests that very few cities in the United States demonstrate any awareness of the health-related outcomes their policies and programs actually and potentially produce. Particularly as cities move more aggressively toward trying to become more sustainable, this analysis charts a path to ensure that public health is not lost in the effort. As is often the case with analyses that are heavily rooted in case studies, this book's strength is also its weakness. Because so much of the argument is reliant on experiences in San Francisco, one wonders how realistic its prescriptions are for other cities. Although the argument purports to address the politics of planning, it seems somehow removed from the ideological foundations of such politics. Without saying as much, this book seems to attribute much of the political success of the shift toward health-oriented planning to the activities of grassroots organizations. Yet, it is undoubtedly the case that grassroots organizations in San Francisco are very different from those in other places. Indeed, a handful of comparative analyses of urban environmental equity efforts point to how different San Francisco is (Pearsall & Pierce, 2010; Portney, 2003; Warner, 2002). Would the processes and frameworks used in San Francisco work elsewhere? Without accounting for variations in the political conditions, predispositions, and perhaps urban governance regimes, it is difficult to say. Like Toward the Healthy City, Breakthrough Communities, edited by M. Paloma Pavel, founder and president of Earth House Center in Oakland, CA, takes environmental and social justice as its cornerstone. As conceptualized in this book, equity is defined much more broadly to encompass the widest possible range of outcomes, including access to resources, jobs, and public services, as well as disproportionate exposures to environmental risks. Equally important, this book is dedicated to the argument that regional approaches to addressing urban problems promise to be most effective in reducing inequities. The volume consists of some 33 very short chapters, organized into three parts and written by a wide array of scholars and practitioners. Most of the chapters present case studies of specific regional projects or programs across the country, including Chicago; Los Angeles; Cleveland; Rochester, NY; Atlanta; Camden, NJ; New York City; the San Francisco Bay Area; Detroit; and many other places. Part I explores the intellectual and practical roots of the “regional equity movement”; Part II presents some 16 chapters of descriptive case studies showing what has been accomplished in various metropolitan and regional settings; and Part III takes on a decidedly prescriptive tone, using experiences around the country to advocate for greater emphasis on regional equity, and to suggesting ways of approaching the challenges that any regional effort is likely to encounter. Part I, with chapters by Cynthia Duncan and Priscilla Salant; Angela Glover Blackwell and Manuel Pastor; john a. powell, Peggy Shepard, and Kizzy Charles-Guzman; Robert Bullard, Sheryll Cashin, Amy Liu, and Bruce Katz; and Amy Dean, outlines the roots of regional equity, both as a concept and as a movement. Part II, with chapters by David Goldberg, Don Chen, William Johnson, Kenneth Galdston, Mary Nelson, and Steven McCullough; Steve Lerner, Hattie Dorsey, Faith Rivers, and Jennie Stephens; Danny Feingold, Greg LeRoy, Robert Yaro, Chris Jones, Petra Todorovich, and Nicolas Ronderos; and Victoria Kovari, Greg Galluzzo, Mike Kruglik, and Cheryl Rivera, presents numerous case studies of city and regional programs to address vacant properties, the community activism and involvement of residents in rebuilding their own neighborhoods, brownfield redevelopment, affordable housing, community preservation, university–community collaboration, poverty, faith-based action, community food systems, and others. Part III, with chapters by Angela Glover Blackwell and L. Benjamin Starrett; Bart Harvey, David Rusk, Deeohn Ferris, Andrea Torrice, and Ellen Schneider; Van Jones, Celine d’Cruz, and David Satterthwaite; and Myron Orfield, looks to future challenges, including those associated with building the grassroots, organizational, collaborative, and coalitional capacities to make regional equity happen. Using a wide array of experiences, these chapters highlight some enormously important and formidable hurdles that need to be addressed if municipal governments and the nonprofit sector are to work together in pursuit of great equity outcomes. What makes this collection of essays unique is the picture it builds of the regional equity movement in the United States, and the range of people whose experiences and views are brought to bear in building this picture. Although it is difficult to know within the context of this book which of the case studies really stands as being successful in some way, there is no doubt that many of the individual authors feel sanguine in their assessments of accomplishments and failures. For those who see little evidence of concern for equity issues in local greening or sustainability efforts (Upadhyay & Brinkmann, 2010), this book provides optimism. For those who are concerned about city versus suburban inequities, and have little understanding of what has been done or what can be done to redress them, this is a must reading. For those whose concern is with sustainability and who understand the need to move beyond the formal boundaries of municipalities in order to achieve greater sustainability outcomes, this book will be highly instructive. The challenge in preparing an edited volume of this ambition is to make sure that the authors and their chapters are of consistently high quality, that the chapters properly relate to each other, and that the overall organization of the book makes sense. This is where the book comes up somewhat short. Some of the chapters are decidedly better focused than others. For example, the very first chapter, “From Bootstrap Community Development to Regional Equity” by Cynthia Duncan, is pitched at a very general level, never really providing any depth to operational definitions of either community development or regional equity. On the other hand, the chapter “Addressing Urban Transportation Equity in the United States” by Robert Bullard, is well focused and succinct in its argument that there are a number of different types of equity issues surrounding reliance on public versus private transit options in metropolitan areas, and surrounding the specific ways that public transit policies and programs have been designed and implemented. The placement of this chapter by Bullard also, as it were, demonstrates the problem with the overall organization of the book. While Part I, where this chapter is placed, purports to treat the “Roots of the Regional Equity Movement,” this chapter contributes more to understanding regional policy (in this case transit-related policy) prescriptions for the future, which would suggest that it would have been better placed in Part III (Regional Equity and the Future of Metropolitan Communities). Perhaps inevitably, when dealing with issues of social and environmental justice, some of the chapters are far more polemical than others. For example, the chapter “Reinterpreting Metropolitan Space as a Strategy for Social Justice” by john a. powell, largely represents an opinion piece that asserts a variety of motivations, impacts, and religious and psychological foundations for “the pervasive pattern of concentrated poverty in our mostly black inner cities, and the concentration of wealth and opportunity in our mostly white suburban areas” (p. 23). On the other hand, the admittedly all-too-brief discussion of “Measuring Success: Using Metrics in Support of Regional Equity” by David Rusk provides a sense of how one might think systematically about the challenges of understanding the concept of regional inequities. Taken together, these two books represent a growing body of literature that, as I read it, stands as a counterpoint to urban economists’ views that it is local attention to enhanced “amenities” and “consumerism” that accounts for recent patterns of growth in cities (Glaeser, Kolko, & Saiz, 2001). These books clearly take a different view, contributing to an enhanced understanding of how cities can move toward greater sustainability. The exact focus, and the definition of sustainability, may differ, but both books seek to achieve greater social and environmental equity and justice. And while each presents its own vision for how this equity can and should be achieved, they seem to share the view that what might be called “social capital” holds the key to success. Whether in the form of neighborhood organizations that push city leaders, or the regional equity movement, the clear lesson in these books is that sustainability and justice need not, and should not, wait for new national policies to emerge from Washington. Rather, the means for achieving greater equity and sustainability are well within the capacities of people acting in their local and regional contexts." @default.
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• W2103177380 title "Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning - By Jason Corburn. Breakthrough Communities: Sustainability and Justice in the Next American Metropolis - Edited by M. Paloma Pavel" @default.
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