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- W2104667529 abstract "Nebulisers are widely used to generate therapeutic aerosols for inhalation therapy. In this paper the factors determining aerosol size and drug output from ultrasonic nebulisers are discussed. The mechanism of droplet formation is described in relation to capillary wave production on the surface of the liquid being atomised and the implosion of cavitation bubbles near its surface. There are many commercially available ultrasonic nebulisers, and their design is a major factor determining aerosol characteristics and output, in particular the operating frequency of the devices (usually 1–3 MHz), the presence of a fan to assist droplet output and the positioning of baffles. The size of aerosols produced and the rate of fluid output is often larger than comparable jet nebulisers. They also have less tendency to increase the concentration of dissolved solutes. However, the residual or `dead' volume of fluid is usually larger. The physicochemical properties of fluids for nebulisation significantly affect nebuliser performance. Viscosity is particularly important, with an increased viscosity increasing aerosol size but reducing output. Fluids of high viscosity cannot be efficiently atomised. Although most preparations for nebulisation are solutions, some suspension formulations are also commercially available. Suspensions are generally less efficiently delivered by ultrasonic than jet nebulisers with an inverse relationship between the size of suspended particles and their output. During use, the temperature of fluids in the reservoir of ultrasonic nebulisers increases. This may result in the degradation of heat sensitive materials. However, potentially heat sensitive such as proteins and liposomes have been successfully delivered using such devices." @default.
- W2104667529 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2104667529 date "1997-07-01" @default.
- W2104667529 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2104667529 title "Ultrasonic nebulisers for pulmonary drug delivery" @default.
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- W2104667529 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00105-1" @default.
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