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• W2104805106 abstract "Uninterrupted for forty-five years, from 1558 to 1603,Protestants in England were able to use the printing press todisseminate Protestant ideology. It was a period long enough forProtestantism to root itself deeply in the life of the nation andto accumulate its own distinctive literature. English Protestantism,like an inf ant vulnerable to the whim of a parent under King HenryVIII, like a headstrong and erratic child in Edward's reign, andlike a sulking, chastised youth in the Marian years, had come of ageby the end of the Elizabethan period.At the outset of Elizabeth's reign the most pressing religiousneed was a clear, well-reasoned defence of the Church of England.The publication of Bishop Jewel's Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanaein 1562 was a response to that need and set the tone of literarypolemics for the rest of the period. It was a time of muscleflexingfor the Elizabethan Church, and especially in the openingdecades, a time when anti-Catholicism was particularly vehement.Consistently throughout the period, when Queen and country werethreatened by Catholic intrigues and conspiracies, literature ofexceptional virulence was published against Catholicism.But just as the press became an effective tool for defendersand apologists of the Church of England, it soon was being used asan instrument to advance the cause of further reform by more radicalProtestants. Puritans, Familists and Separatists resorted to theprinting press to publicize their particular brand of Protestantism.Puritans, especially, used the press to put pressure on Parliamentby arranging the publication of their demands to coincide with thecalling of Parliament. Stinging attacks on the established churchwere met with stout resistance; authors, printers and booksellersoften were imprisoned and the literature suppressed. The radicalsthen turned to secret presses, or to presses outside of England,and continued their onslaught against the reformed Churchof England. The bitterness and pugnacity once reserved for thepopes of Rome now became, for the dissidents, appropriate sentimentsto be levelled at English bishops.Religious polemics, however, though most eye-catching andrevealing from the historian's viewpoint because they reflect pressingissues and concerns, were only one aspect of Elizabethan literature.While the polemicists crossed swords, the great majority of authors and translators busied themselves in producing works designed forgeneral Protestant edification. These were the devotional, didacticand exegetical works that went into multiple editions and were inconstant demand throughout the reign. Polemical and controversialwritings were published from time to time, but works of edificationissued from the press in a continuous stream throughout the reign.The constant repetition of Protestant doctrine and attitudes reinforcedthe Protestant policies consistently laid down by thegovernment.For moral and financial support in publishing their literature,Elizabethan Protestant authors relied heavily upon a relatively smallgroup of persons. The great majority of dedications in Protestantliterature were addressed to no more than a dozen or so patrons, and,except for a few, tended to sympathize with moderate Puritanism.Furthermore, the Elizabethan period was a watershed in the historyof literary patronage and this was reflected in Protestant literature.Printers and publishers became more important to the author thanthe patron in getting his manuscript into print and furthering hisliterary pursuits. And it was a relatively small number of printersand publishers (no more than twenty-five) who bore the brunt offinancing the lion's share of Protestant literature.With such a powerful and relatively new medium as print to disseminateideology, it is not surprising that strong censorship wasexercised. From the Queen's Injunctions of 1566, when the Vestmentscontroversy was at its height and offensive Puritan tracts werebeing published, control of the press tightened as Catholics andradical Protestants became more adept at clandestine printing and atsmuggling their literature into the country. Officers of the government,the church and the Stationers' Company worked so effectivelytogether in their search and destroy missions for printing pressesused in illegal publishing ventures that, by the end of the period,almost all offensive religious literature had to be printed abroad.The role of the printing press in Elizabethan England is comparableto that of television in the 20th century. As televisionrevolutionizes the art of politics, from political party conventionsto national elections, so the printing press affected politics andreligion in the last half of the 16th century. The most effectiveway for Puritans, for example, to attack and embarrass the Establishnent-- and for the Establishment to defend itself -- was to usethe medium of print. So much more efficient than preaching -- with much less risk of detection -- the press replaced the pulpit asthe main instrument of religious education and of religious reform." @default.
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• W2104805106 date "1977-01-01" @default.
• W2104805106 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2104805106 title "The Elizabethan Protestant Press: A Study of the Printing and Publishing of Protestant Religious Literature in English, Excluding Bibles and Liturgies, 1558-1603." @default.
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