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• W2107030787 abstract "Carotenoids, widely found in many fruits and vegetables, have been the focus of research for over a decade, with little resolution concerning their beneficial or detrimental role in the modulation of carcinogenesis. The findings on one, beta-carotene, have been disappointing because published clinical trials show an increased risk of lung cancer for current cigarette smokers; another, lycopene, is still a rising star and is the subject of a National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Maryland) program to prevent prostate cancer. Can these commonly consumed carotenoids with similar chemical structures have different efficacies for cancer prevention? Is the verdict still out on beta-carotene? Is lycopene worthy of continuing scientific interest? Can continued epidemiologic investigation shed further light on the function, risks, and benefits of carotenoids in mammalian systems? This review describes what is known about the similarities and differences in structure, function, metabolism, and consumption between beta-carotene and lycopene, part of which is summarized in table 1, to better interpret the existing epidemiologic literature and guide future explorations. Standard phase I toxicologic studies are unlikely to discover adverse effects of dietary substances such as beta-carotene and lycopene because their risk reduction and/or adverse effects are likely to be subtle and to evolve under long exposure, and these effects are impractical to detect in the standard phase I, II, and III evaluations. This leaves epidemiology as the viable approach for sorting out the morass of countervailing factors that provide the circumstances for risk reduction or risk expansion. Study designs have rarely incorporated a thorough knowledge of carotenoid bioavailability, metabolism, function, and genomic heterogeneity as explanatory variables in the interpretation of outcomes." @default.
• W2107030787 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2107030787 creator A5021958104 @default.
• W2107030787 creator A5030619708 @default.
• W2107030787 creator A5089311896 @default.
• W2107030787 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2107030787 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2107030787 title "Participation of Lycopene and Beta-Carotene in Carcinogenesis: Defenders, Aggressors, or Passive Bystanders?" @default.
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