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• W2107727877 abstract "By the narrowest possible margin, the U.S. Supreme Court in 1989 ruled, in Penry v. Lynaugh (Penry I), that executing a person who has mental retardation does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s cruel and unusual punishments proscription. Four Justices (Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, and Stevens) were of the opinion that the Constitution bars execution of a person who has mental retardation and voted to reverse the defendant’s death sentence. Four others (Rehnquist, White, Scalia, and Kennedy) were of the opposite view and voted to affirm. Justice O’Connor thus was the Court’s fulcrum, as she has often been in death penalty cases. Writing for the Court, Justice O’Connor found “insufficient evidence of a national consensus against executing mentally retarded people convicted of capital offenses for us to conclude that it is categorically prohibited by the Eighth Amendment” (Ref. 1, p 335). However, Penry’s sentence could not stand, Justice O’Connor concluded, because Texas’ then-in force capital sentencing scheme too tightly confined the jury’s consideration of mental retardation as mitigation evidence. This, in turn, abridged an adjunct right that has emerged from death penalty jurisprudence: “[I]n capital cases, the fundamental respect for humanity underlying the Eighth Amendment . . . requires consideration of the character and record of the individual offender and the circumstances of the particular offense. . . .” (Ref. 1, p 316). Specifically, Texas law required the jury to answer three “special issues”: (1) whether the murder was deliberate, (2) the defendant’s “probabl[e]” future dangerousness, and (3) whether the murder was an unreasonable response to any provocation by the victim. If the jury answered all three questions yes, the sentence was death; if the answer to any was no, the sentence was life imprisonment. Penry offered extensive evidence that he was mentally retarded. Over the years, his IQ had tested between 50 and 63. An expert who testified at trial measured Penry’s IQ at 54 and ascribed to him the mental (cognitive) age of 61⁄2 and the “social maturity . . . of a 9or 10-year-old” (Ref. 1, p 308). The jury was never instructed that it could consider and give mitigating effect to this evidence in imposing its sentence. Justice O’Connor found the Texas sentencing scheme constitutionally infirm, because the jury must be free to give independent (and dispositive) weight to any mitigating evidence, including mental retardation: Penry’s “mitigating evidence of mental retardation . . . has relevance to his moral culpability beyond the scope of the special issues, and . . . the jury was unable to express its ‘reasoned moral response’ to that evidence in determining whether death was the appropriate punishment” (Ref. 1, p 322). The constitutional defect could be remedied, Justice O’Connor declared, simply by “jury instructions defining ‘deliberately’ [the first ‘special issue’] in a way that would clearly direct the jury to consider fully Penry’s mitigating evidence as it bears on his Dr. Herbert is a forensic psychiatry fellow in the Columbia-Cornell Residency in Psychiatry and the Law in New York City. Kathryn Young is an attorney in Los Angeles, specializing in criminal appellate and capital habeas litigation. Address correspondence to: Paul Herbert MD, 224 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511. E-mail: paul.herbert@yale.edu" @default.
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• W2107727877 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W2107727877 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2107727877 title "Penry revisited: is execution of a person who has mental retardation cruel and unusual?" @default.
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