FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2108260141> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2108260141 abstract "The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a dynamic process and has a variable rate of progression in infected people. Despite the varying disease progression rates, the majority of HIV-infected individuals eventually progress to AIDS. According to the rate of progression, HIV infection may be divided into three major types: (i) rapid progression, where AIDS develops within 3 years of infection; (ii) intermediate progression, where AIDS develops slowly between a span of 3 and 10 years after seroconversion; and (iii) long-term non progression (LTNP) where HIV infected people maintain high CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and remain therapy naive1. The group of HIV positive long term non-progressors comprises less than 5 per cent of the total HIV population. Different studies have used different duration to define long term non-progressor which makes comparison difficult. Some studies have used >8 years duration to define non-progressor while others have used >10 years2,3. As viral load testing became available, long-term non-progressor were further divided into two groups - one showing low detectable plasma viraemia (<5000 HIV-RNA copies/ml), termed long-term non-progressors; second group showing plasma HIV-RNA values persistently below 50 copies/ml, and termed “elite” or “natural controllers”.Transition from long-term non-progressive infection to progressive HIV-1 disease presents an opportunity to investigate pathogenesis and planning treatment and vaccine strategies. Studies have tried to identify host, genetic and viral factors which may be useful to predict progression. Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in delaying progression and preventing opportunistic infections has been established beyond doubt. However, the point during the course of HIV infection at which ART is best initiated in asymptomatic patients remains unclear. According to consensus, at present initiation of therapy is best guided by CD4 cell count, a marker of immune status, rather than on viral load, a marker of virologic replication4. In one systematic review, the authors have concluded that there is evidence of moderate quality that initiating ART at CD4 levels higher than 200 or 250 cells/μl reduces mortality rates in asymptomatic, ART-naive, HIV-infected people. However, for patients with advanced clinical AIDS defining symptoms, it is recommended to start treatment regardless of CD4 count4.Host and genetic factorsThe genetic factors which influence the rate of progression from HIV to AIDS can be broadly divided into three categories: (i) genes encoding cell-surface receptors or ligands for these proteins; (ii) genes within human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that regulate host immune response to infection; and (iii) other cytokine or immune response genes.The most widely studied marker, the CD4 positive T lymphocyte count, is perhaps the best single indicator of stage of illness. Serum factors such as neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin, alone and in combination with CD4 cell counts, have been shown to have good predictive value. Pereyra et al5 reported that CD8+ T cells from both elite and viraemic controller groups preferentially target Gag over other proteins in the context of diverse HLA class alleles. They found significantly more CD4 and CD8 T cells in “elite controllers” that secrete interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 and lower level of HIV-neutralizing antibodies. Individual responses were heterogenous and none of the parameter was uniquely associated with the ability to control viraemia5. There was an increased risk of progression within 4 years of study entry in individuals with detectable effector cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity, higher plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA, higher beta(2)-microglobulin levels, and higher immune complex dissociated p24 antigen levels at enrollment6.Studies have shown that heterozygosity at HLA class I loci (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) is strongly associated with resistance to progression to AIDS and has a progressive effect. HLA-B*81:01 and B*39:10 alleles have been found to be associated with viraemic control in HIV-1 subtype C infection. Both alleles restrict the TL9 epitope in p24 Gag, and CTL mediated escape mutations in this epitope have been associated with an in vitro fitness cost to the virus7. The haplotype B*35-Cw*04 has also been shown to be associated with rapid progression to AIDS which helps the virus to escape activity against HIV-1. It has been predicted that HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57 exert a protective effect to progression to AIDS in HIV-1 infected individuals8.Viral factorsAmino acids 25 to 36 in HIV-1 nef have been reported to be important both for several well-defined in vitro functions of nef and for the pathogenicity of HIV-1 in humans. Nef proteins derived from LTNPs and slow progressors (SPs) were found to be defective or far less capable of enhancing viral replication and/or viral infectivity. The sizes of the deletions in the nef/LTR (long terminal repeat) region increased progressively during the follow up period9.In another study10, researchers compared the replication rates of recombinant reporter viruses carrying envelope proteins from LTNPs to control viruses from patients with similar CD4 count and viral load. In this study none of the eight LTNPs showed the 32-base pair deletion in the ccr5 gene while HLA-BF*5701 and HLA-B*27 alleles were detected in one LTNP each, respectively. Although Env sequences from LTNPs differed from those of controllers with respect to the length of variable domains and the number of N-glycosylation sites, these differences were not statistically significant and did not lead to differences in infectivity of recombinant reporter viruses10. In a meta-analysis, no significant association was found between defective/disrupted nef genes and disease progression as reported by earlier studies11. Ideally, long-term follow up with sequences from different disease stages is required to avoid other potential confounding effects of the disease process on the mutation rate11.In this issue, in a study from Andhra Pradesh, India, Radhakrishna et al12 have reported 26 HIV perinatally infected paediatric long-term non-progressors who were followed up for 5 years to study factors affecting disease progression. Most of the studies done so far are in adults and from other countries. In this study, the authors have monitored their CD4 count, noted the morbidities and tried to see correlation. However, they could not study their genetic or viral factors. It will be interesting to study the viral sequencing and genetic factors in these long-term non-progessors. The LTNPs in this study were defined as individuals who have been living with HIV for at least 7 to 12 years and have stable CD4+ counts of > per μl, no HIV-related diseases, and no previous antiretroviral therapy. Case definition used in present study is different from other studies. Previous studies have used 8 or 10 years period for defining LTNP. Authors have shown an association between opportunistic infections and decline in CD4 count, and have also described various morbidities seen in these children as they have progressed from long-term non-progressor to long-term progressor12.Most investigators interested in determining the mechanisms of virus control in these individuals have assessed specific host factors. These studies were cross-sectional in nature, making it difficult to determine if a given host response is a cause of virus control or a consequence13. Although none of the study design is optimal, collective data support a central role for potent HIV specific CD8+T cells and to a lesser degree CD4+T cells in maintaining the virus control14.These studies indicate that there are multiple factors that play a role in disease progression. Results are not consistent regarding virus or host factors studied till date. Perinatally acquired HIV infected children are now surviving into adolescence. Study of these long-term non-progressors may help in better understanding of disease progression." @default.
• W2108260141 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2108260141 creator A5040828492 @default.
• W2108260141 date "2013-09-01" @default.
• W2108260141 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2108260141 title "Long term non-progressor (LTNP) HIV infection." @default.
• W2108260141 cites W1978217124 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W1996144485 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W1997604476 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2012659064 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2029079070 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2034343650 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2106955004 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2109130469 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2114291287 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2115880961 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2125431977 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2138575726 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2145374127 @default.
• W2108260141 cites W2161008690 @default.
• W2108260141 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3818590" @default.
• W2108260141 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24135172" @default.
• W2108260141 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
• W2108260141 type Work @default.
• W2108260141 sameAs 2108260141 @default.
• W2108260141 citedByCount "24" @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412014 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412015 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412016 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412017 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412018 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412019 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412020 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412022 @default.
• W2108260141 countsByYear W21082601412023 @default.
• W2108260141 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2108260141 hasAuthorship W2108260141A5040828492 @default.
• W2108260141 hasBestOaLocation W21082601412 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C121332964 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C159047783 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C3013748606 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C61797465 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C62520636 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C121332964 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C159047783 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C3013748606 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C61797465 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C62520636 @default.
• W2108260141 hasConceptScore W2108260141C71924100 @default.
• W2108260141 hasLocation W21082601411 @default.
• W2108260141 hasLocation W21082601412 @default.
• W2108260141 hasLocation W21082601413 @default.
• W2108260141 hasOpenAccess W2108260141 @default.
• W2108260141 hasPrimaryLocation W21082601411 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W185296467 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W1945359667 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W1986972841 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W2049655029 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W2140033339 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W2140412799 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W2465215300 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W4255640712 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W4300011733 @default.
• W2108260141 hasRelatedWork W1543146126 @default.
• W2108260141 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2108260141 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2108260141 magId "2108260141" @default.
• W2108260141 workType "article" @default.