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- W2108310012 abstract "Most vertebrates have a duplex retina containing rods for dim light vision and cones for bright lights and color detection. Photoreceptors like cones are present in many invertebrate phyla as well as in chordata, and rods evolved from cones [1Fain G.L. Hardie R. Laughlin S.B. Phototransduction and the evolution of photoreceptors.Curr. Biol. 2010; 20: R114-R124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar, 2Lamb T.D. Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina.Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2013; 36: 52-119Crossref PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar], but the sequence of events is not well understood. Since duplex retinas are present in both agnatha and gnathostomata, which diverged more than 400 million years ago, some properties of ancestral rods may be inferred from a comparison of cells in these two groups. Lamprey have two kinds of photoreceptors, called “short” and “long” [3Dickson D.H. Graves D.A. Fine structure of the lamprey photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (Petromyzon marinus L.).Exp. Eye Res. 1979; 29: 45-60Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 4Öhman P. The photoreceptor outer segments of the river lamprey (Lampreta fluviatilis). An electron- fluorescence- and light microscopic study.Acta Zool. 1971; 52: 287-297Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 5Öhman P. Fine structure of photoreceptors and associated neurons in the retina of Lampetra fluviatilis (Cyclostomi).Vision Res. 1976; 16: 659-662Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 6Govardovskii V.I. Lychakov D.V. Visual cells and visual pigments of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis.J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1984; 154: 279-286Crossref Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 7Ishikawa M. Takao M. Washioka H. Tokunaga F. Watanabe H. Tonosaki A. Demonstration of rod and cone photoreceptors in the lamprey retina by freeze-replication and immunofluorescence.Cell Tissue Res. 1987; 249: 241-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar, 8Negishi K. Teranishi T. Kuo C.H. Miki N. Two types of lamprey retina photoreceptors immunoreactive to rod- or cone-specific antibodies.Vision Res. 1987; 27: 1237-1241Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 9Collin S.P. Hart N.S. Shand J. Potter I.C. Morphology and spectral absorption characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in the southern hemisphere lamprey (Geotria australis).Vis. Neurosci. 2003; 20: 119-130Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar], which seem to be rods and cones; however, the outer segments of both have an identical cone-like morphology of stacks of lamellae without a continuous surrounding plasma membrane [3Dickson D.H. Graves D.A. Fine structure of the lamprey photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (Petromyzon marinus L.).Exp. Eye Res. 1979; 29: 45-60Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 4Öhman P. The photoreceptor outer segments of the river lamprey (Lampreta fluviatilis). An electron- fluorescence- and light microscopic study.Acta Zool. 1971; 52: 287-297Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 6Govardovskii V.I. Lychakov D.V. Visual cells and visual pigments of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis.J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 1984; 154: 279-286Crossref Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 7Ishikawa M. Takao M. Washioka H. Tokunaga F. Watanabe H. Tonosaki A. Demonstration of rod and cone photoreceptors in the lamprey retina by freeze-replication and immunofluorescence.Cell Tissue Res. 1987; 249: 241-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar]. This observation and other aspects of the cellular and molecular biology of the photoreceptors have convinced several investigators [2Lamb T.D. Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina.Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2013; 36: 52-119Crossref PubMed Scopus (223) Google Scholar, 10Lamb T.D. Collin S.P. Pugh Jr., E.N. Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007; 8: 960-976Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar, 11Lamb T.D. Evolution of vertebrate retinal photoreception.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2009; 364: 2911-2924Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 12Collin S.P. Evolution and ecology of retinal photoreception in early vertebrates.Brain Behav. Evol. 2010; 75: 174-185Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar] that “the features of ‘true’ rod transduction in jawed vertebrates, which permit the reliable detection of single photons of light, evolved after the separation of gnathostomes from lampreys” [12Collin S.P. Evolution and ecology of retinal photoreception in early vertebrates.Brain Behav. Evol. 2010; 75: 174-185Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. To test this hypothesis, we recorded from photoreceptors of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus and show that their rods have a single-photon sensitivity similar to that of rods in other vertebrates. Thus, photoreceptors with many of the features of rods emerged before the split between agnatha and gnathostomata, and a rod-like outer segment with cytosolic disks surrounded by a plasma membrane is not necessary for high-sensitivity visual detection." @default.
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- W2108310012 title "Single-Photon Sensitivity of Lamprey Rods with Cone-like Outer Segments" @default.
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