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• W2108364590 startingPage "784" @default.
• W2108364590 abstract "In recent years an increasing number of observational studies have suggested that a low vitamin D status contributes to the development of all sorts of chronic diseases. In reality, however, studies that had been adequately controlled for confounding factors ruled out any link between vitamin D insufficiency and, for example, metabolic disorders, arterial hypertension, multiple sclerosis or cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, a role of vitamin D insufficiency in autoimmune diseases is evident only in animal models but has not yet been established in humans. In respect to many malignancies, vitamin D insufficiency is only one out of many risk factors and its specific impact on disease incidence has never been assessed. There is convincing evidence, however, that vitamin D insufficiency is a major risk factor for osteoporosis, colorectal and breast cancer as well as for cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, it is debatable that circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of 100–150 nmol l−1 are required for optimal health outcomes. These are overestimates which would afford to raise vitamin D intake to 4000 IU day−1. In reality, high doses of vitamin D can cause serious health problems because of the U-shaped dose–response relationships that exist in some cases. Data from large cohort studies clearly indicate that serum 25-(OH)D concentrations around 50 nmol l−1 are sufficient to minimize the risk of osteoporotic fractures, colorectal and breast cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. The fact that the risk-reducing potential of vitamin D depends on adequate calcium nutrition is widely ignored. I here summarize the evidence that efficient disease prevention does not require intake of more vitamin D and calcium than currently recommended for maintaining optimal bone health." @default.
• W2108364590 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2108364590 creator A5087663508 @default.
• W2108364590 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W2108364590 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2108364590 title "Vitamin D insufficiency and chronic diseases: Hype and reality" @default.
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