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- W2108587335 abstract "Impulsive ELF/VLF electric field bursts observed by the vector electric field instrument (VEFI) on the Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE 2) satellite on almost every crossing of the geomagnetic equator in the evening hours are interpreted as originating in lightning discharges. These signals that peak in intensity near the magnetic equator are observed within 5‐20° latitude of the geomagnetic equator at altitudes of 300–500 km with amplitudes of the order of ∼ mV/m in the 512‐ to 1024‐Hz frequency band of the VEFI instrument. Whistler‐mode ELF/VLF wave propagation through a horizontally stratified ionosphere predicts strong attenuation of subionospheric signals reaching the equator at low altitudes. However, ray tracing analysis shows that the presence of the equatorial density anomaly, commonly observed in the upper ionosphere during evening hours, leads to the focusing of the wave energy from lightning near the geomagnetic equator at low altitudes, thus accounting for all observed aspects of the phenomenon. The observations presented here indicate that during certain hours in the evening, almost all the energy input from lightning discharges entering the ionosphere at <30° latitude remains confined to a small region (in altitude and latitude) near the geomagnetic equator. The net wideband electric field, extrapolated from the observed electric field values in the 512‐ to 1024‐Hz band, can be ∼10 mV/m or higher. These strong electric fields generated in the ionosphere by lightning at local evening times may be important for the equatorial electrodynamics of the ionosphere." @default.
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- W2108587335 date "1995-05-01" @default.
- W2108587335 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2108587335 title "Focusing of nonducted whistlers by the equatorial anomaly" @default.
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- W2108587335 doi "https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja02756" @default.
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