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• W2108588506 abstract "Pattern formation is a fundamental morphogenetic process. Models based on genetic and epigenetic control have been proposed but remain controversial. Here we use feather morphogenesis for further evaluation. Adhesion molecules and/or signaling molecules were first expressed homogenously in feather tracts (restrictive mode, appear earlier) or directly in bud or inter-bud regions (de novo mode, appear later). They either activate or inhibit bud formation, but paradoxically co-localize in the bud. Using feather bud reconstitution, we showed that completely dissociated cells can reform periodic patterns without reference to previous positional codes. The patterning process has the characteristics of being self-organizing, dynamic and plastic. The final pattern is an equilibrium state reached by competition, and the number and size of buds can be altered based on cell number and activator/inhibitor ratio, respectively. We developed a Digital Hormone Model which consists of (1) competent cells without identity that move randomly in a space, (2) extracellular signaling hormones which diffuse by a reaction-diffusion mechanism and activate or inhibit cell adhesion, and (3) cells which respond with topological stochastic actions manifested as changes in cell adhesion. Based on probability, the results are cell clusters arranged in dots or stripes. Thus genetic control provides combinational molecular information which defines the properties of the cells but not the final pattern. Epigenetic control governs interactions among cells and their environment based on physical-chemical rules (such as those described in the Digital Hormone Model). Complex integument patterning is the sum of these two components of control and that is why integument patterns are usually similar but non-identical. These principles may be shared by other pattern formation processes such as barb ridge formation, fingerprints, pigmentation patterning, etc. The Digital Hormone Model can also be applied to swarming robot navigation, reaching intelligent automata and representing a self-re-configurable type of control rather than a follow-the-instruction type of control." @default.
• W2108588506 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5004997535 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5027478779 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5039869393 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5048145308 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5058337870 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5058583124 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5067947639 @default.
• W2108588506 creator A5073503802 @default.
• W2108588506 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W2108588506 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2108588506 title "Integument pattern formation involves genetic and epigenetic controls operated at different levels: feather arrays simulated by a Digital Hormone Model" @default.
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