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- W2109689976 abstract "The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops forcommercial cultivation has raised the question of thecoexistence of agricultural production systems. Withinthe European institutional framework, cross-pollinationmay cause economic damage to conventional andorganic farmers if the produce is subjected to obligatorylabelling and, thus, selling is restricted or yields a lowermarket price compared to the respective conventional ororganic products (e.g., Beckmann & Wesseler, 2007).The labelling threshold for adventitious and unavoid-able presence of GM traces has been set at 0.9% forfood and feed throughout the EU (Commission of theEuropean Communities [CEC], 2003b).In July 2003, the European Commission publishedguidelines for designing coexistence regulations fortransgenic and non-transgenic plants (CEC, 2003a),according to which no form of agriculture should beexcluded from the EU and farmers should be free tochoose between farming conventionally or organicallyas well as using GM crops. However, the guidelines alsostate clearly that farmers “who introduce the new pro-duction type should bear the responsibility of imple-menting farm management practices necessary to limitgene flow” (CEC, 2003a, pp. 41). The costs of coexist-ence, thus, are to be borne by the GM farmer. Neverthe-less, the guidelines also remark that “groups of farmersin a neighborhood may achieve a significant reductionin the costs related to the segregation of GM and non-GM production types if they coordinate their productionon the basis of voluntary agreements” (CEC, 2003a, pp.46). Against this background, the article investigatestheoretically and empirically the costs imposed on theGM farmer by the coexistence regulations and theincentives to reduce these costs by coordination andcooperation.As the European Commission’s mode of decision-making on coexistence regulations follows the principleof subsidiarity, Member States can design and imple-ment national regulations to guarantee coexistence.Within the scope of guidelines formulated by the Euro-pean Commission, a great diversity of ex-ante regula-tions and ex-post liability rules has emerged inEuropean countries (Beckmann, Soregaroli, & Wesseler,2006a). In December 2004, for example, Germanyincorporated coexistence rules into the German GeneticEngineering Act (GenTG), including a general code ofGood Agricultural Practice (GAP), the creation of apublic GMO location register and the definition of ex-post liability rules. In line with the EU regulations, GM" @default.
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- W2109689976 date "2009-04-24" @default.
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- W2109689976 title "The role of coordination and cooperation in early adoption of GM crops: the case of Bt maize in Brandenburg, Germany." @default.
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