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• W211061314 abstract "Going into business for yourself, becoming an entrepreneur, is the modern-day equivalent of pioneering on the old frontier - American Economist Paula Nelson A midst the bustling marketplace in the heart of Quito stands a remnant of the first scientific expedition from Europe to South America. In the Parque Alameda, a circle of stone busts immortalizes the French and Spanish scientists who set sail to solve one of the most perplexing questions of the 18th-century. What was the earth's precise shape? After Copernicus, imperfections in navigation lead scientists to conclude that the earth was not perfectly spherical. Sir Isaac Newton likened the earth's shape to a squashed grapefruit, postulating that the equatorial axis was longer than the polar axis. Astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini championed an opposing view. Long after both Newton and Cassini died, their opposing views lived on. These competing theories compelled the French Academy of Sciences to dispatch two expeditions: one north to the Laplands -present-day Sweden and Finland - and the other south to the equator near Quito. At each destination, the members of the expedition would measure the length of a meridian degree. Scientists would use these sets of measurements to calculate the earth's diameter on both axes. The expedition to Quito was lead by Charles-Marie de La Condamine, the young aristocrat who helped his friend Voltaire calculate a sure-win scheme in the monthly lotteries in Paris. They lead a syndicate who bought all of the lottery tickets. La Condamine figured that profitability was ensured if the syndicate could control the odds. In one of history's earliest accounts of insider trading, La Condamine and Voltaire amassed nearly 7.5 million francs in lottery winnings. La Condamine's system capitalized on this early market opportunity. But, the syndicate's marketplace success also forced the closing of the Paris lottery in 1730. Still heralded as a competent mathematician, La Condamine was recruited for the scientific expedition. Five years after the lottery's shutdown, the French expedition left Paris for Quito. Long before their arrival in Quito, La Condamine had already begun devising a knowledge-discovery system for measuring an arc of the meridian. He used trigonometry and the technique of triangulation. Triangulation is nothing more than a method for determining the distance between any two points. He and his crew would start from a baseline of known length and then construct a network of adjacent triangles. Using trigonometry to calculate the length of all sides, he would be able to compute the length of the arc. In 1736, La Condamine and his group arrived in the thriving marketplace of Quito. In the colonial center of agriculture and arts, they found markets overflowing with local fruits and vegetables. La Condamine fancied the sweetness of the local cherimoyas and granadillas. But, their arrival in Quito could be better described as bittersweet. The Quitenos were suspicious of the Europeans' arrival in Quito, and the members of the expedition were under constant scrutiny. The Europeans suffered the severity of extreme heat and cold. Their first casualties were victims of malaria. Money was running out, and they were far from finding the necessary triangulation point to achieve their mission. A determined La Condamine journeyed about the unknown territories of South America in search of a point of triangulation. La Condamine witnessed the fluorescence of volcanic eruptions, the intrigue of the Inca ruins, and the chasms of culture. …" @default.
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