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• W2111808950 startingPage "1765" @default.
• W2111808950 abstract "Optimal Defense (OD) theory predicts that the within-plant allocation of secondary metabolites that function as defenses will be positively correlated with the fitness value of particular plant parts. Here, we experimentally examine this prediction by exploiting our understanding of the mechanisms of wound-induced nicotine production in Nicotiana sylvestris (Solanaceae) to manipulate the patterns of nicotine allocation and to determine their fitness consequences. In two perturbation experiments conducted over three stages of ontogeny (rosette, elongation, and flowering), we wounded or removed leaves of different ages (young, mature, or old) and determined the effects on nicotine allocation (whole-plant and within-plant) and fitness (lifetime viable seed production). OD theory predicts that, as leaves age and their fitness value decreases, the allocation of defense to particular leaves and the fitness consequences of their removal should be positively correlated. We found that (1) leaf removal results in a significant decrease in seed mass at the elongation stage, but not at the rosette or flowering stages; (2) the relative value of leaves decreases from young and mature to old leaves; (3) leaf damage significantly increases the whole-plant nicotine contents of rosette-stage plants, but not of elongation- or flowering-stage plants, and after damage, younger leaves are more heavily defended than older leaves at the elongation and flowering stages; and (4) regardless of ontogenetic stage, plants distribute nicotine among leaves in accordance with their relative fitness value, thus supporting OD theory predictions. Leaf value increases after N fertilization at the flowering stage, but is not changed if adjacent leaves are removed at earlier growth stages. Moreover, plants are capable of sending their root-synthesized nicotine to specific leaves after damage; at the elongation stage, the new and young leaves receive greater proportional allocations of nicotine than other leaves. The cessation of significant whole-plant nicotine inductions at later stages in ontogeny is not due to the root's decreased ability to respond to the plant's wound signal, jasmonic acid (JA) with increased nicotine biosynthesis, but rather to the decline in a leaf's sensitivity to wounding and in its ability to export JA from the leaves to roots. Ontogeny has profound effects on the use of this induced defense. Plants mount systemic nicotine inductions at the rosette stage that rely on large increases in de novo nicotine synthesis, switch to the selective targeting of nicotine to the new and young leaves at the elongation stage without large increases in de novo nicotine synthesis, and allocate to reproductive structures, but not leaves, at the flowering stage. These changes are consistent with the predictions of OD theory." @default.
• W2111808950 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2111808950 creator A5031634988 @default.
• W2111808950 creator A5050665131 @default.
• W2111808950 date "2000-07-01" @default.
• W2111808950 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2111808950 title "OPTIMAL DEFENSE THEORY PREDICTS THE ONTOGENY OF AN INDUCED NICOTINE DEFENSE" @default.
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• W2111808950 doi "https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1765:odtpto]2.0.co;2" @default.
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