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- W2111845989 abstract "Contrary to assumptions that changes in brain networks are possible only during crucial periods of development, research in the past decade has supported the idea of a permanently plastic brain. Novel experience, altered afferent input due to environmental changes and learning new skills are now recognized as modulators of brain function and underlying neuroanatomic circuitry. Given findings in experiments with animals and the recent discovery of increases in gray and white matter in the adult human brain as a result of learning, the old concept of cognitive reserve, that is the ability to reinforce brain volume in crucial areas and thus provide a greater threshold for age-dependent deficits, has been reinforced. The challenge we face is to unravel the exact nature of the dynamic structural alterations and, ultimately, to be able to use this knowledge for disease management. Understanding normative changes in brain structure that occur as a result of environmental changes and demands is pivotal to understanding the characteristic ability of the brain to adapt. Contrary to assumptions that changes in brain networks are possible only during crucial periods of development, research in the past decade has supported the idea of a permanently plastic brain. Novel experience, altered afferent input due to environmental changes and learning new skills are now recognized as modulators of brain function and underlying neuroanatomic circuitry. Given findings in experiments with animals and the recent discovery of increases in gray and white matter in the adult human brain as a result of learning, the old concept of cognitive reserve, that is the ability to reinforce brain volume in crucial areas and thus provide a greater threshold for age-dependent deficits, has been reinforced. The challenge we face is to unravel the exact nature of the dynamic structural alterations and, ultimately, to be able to use this knowledge for disease management. Understanding normative changes in brain structure that occur as a result of environmental changes and demands is pivotal to understanding the characteristic ability of the brain to adapt. a specific case of cell-based brain plasticity where new neurons (and not only neurites and synapses) are added to the brain network in an activity-dependent way. In humans, new neurons are generated throughout life in the hippocampal region, which is thought to provide the functional backbone for learning and memory. Recent animal and human studies have proposed the hippocampus and neurogenesis a prime target in a number of diseases, most notably dementias as well as major depression. the physiological process of growing new blood vessels. in morphometric studies investigating brain plasticity, two approaches are currently used. In cross-sectional studies the brain morphology of two cohorts of participants is compared, in longitudinal studies, the same participants are investigated twice: before and after an intervention (such as learning). Longitudinal studies are elaborate and time consuming but allow the detection of subtle changes that cannot be detected in cross-sectional studies because of anatomical differences between brains. DTI and fiber tractography are new methods that can demonstrate the orientation and integrity of white matter fibers in the brain in vivo. This is done by measuring the microscopic molecular motion of water using specific MRI-sequences, taking advantage of the fact that large white matter tracts constrain random molecular motion by densely packed axonal membranes and myelin sheaths. Thus water will preferentially diffuse along the direction of the axon bundle rather than perpendicular to it. The measurement of this anisotropic diffusion of water forms the basis for diffusion imaging and allows investigation of white matter microstructure. Using this method, recent findings suggested that the observed improvement of working memory capacity is correlated to an increased myelination after training. the classical model to study the impact of ‘experience’ on the brain in animals is to compare the behavior, morphological changes and so on, of animals living in an enriched environment with animals living under the usual rather plain conditions of laboratory housing. This simple manipulation has far-reaching effects on the brain and its function. It was mentioned first, anecdotally, by Hebb, who reported that rats that he took home as pets showed behavioral improvements over their litter mates kept at the laboratory. the physiological process of increasing synapse number and dendritic complexity. This process may happen in a matter of days and is exercise dependent even in older age on the level of synaptic bulk and neurites." @default.
- W2111845989 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2111845989 creator A5009170730 @default.
- W2111845989 date "2011-10-01" @default.
- W2111845989 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2111845989 title "Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the adult human brain" @default.
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