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- W2113303076 abstract "The Organization of Administrative Justice Systems: The Role of Political Mistrust Robert A. Kagan University of California, Berkeley In Total Justice (1985), legal historian Lawrence M. Friedman outlines a dramatic shift in the legal culture of economically advanced democracies over the last century and a quarter. He argues that in tandem with unparalleled increases in societal wealth, technological sophistication, and governmental capacity, citizens have become less fatalistic about the hazards and injustices of life. They have developed a generalized expectation that modern societies now have the ability to reduce the risks and impact of impoverishment, disease, injury, environmental degradation, crime, discrimination, and economic instability. If these things can be done, people come to believe, governments should make they are done. In competitive democracies, political leaders respond to such expectations. So decade after decade, governments conduct studies, hold hearings, enact more laws, create more rights, regulate more risks, extend legal liability to more sources of harm, and spend more money on social benefit programs. One consequence has been the proliferation of specialized government agencies charged with implementing the policies of the administrative-regulatory state. Today, the bulk of official legal decisions are made not by judges but by “eligibility workers” processing files in welfare and unemployment insurance offices, by regulatory inspectors and tax auditors, by licensing officials, immigration officers, and assorted other bureaucrats. At the same time, however, the agencies created to fulfill demands for total justice come under criticism for failing to do so, or for acting arbitrarily and unjustly themselves. Administrative officials are squeezed between public expectations for “total justice” and, on the other side, by never-fully-adequate funding and the inevitable pathologies of bureaucracy. Hence administrative agencies repeatedly are investigated, studied, reorganized, expanded, downsized, reviewed by courts, and subjected to new legal mandates." @default.
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- W2113303076 date "2006-03-06" @default.
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- W2113303076 title "The Organization of Administrative Justice Systems" @default.
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