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- W2116700454 abstract "Since their introduction in 1988, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccines have been administered in various schedules worldwide, although most countries use a two-dose or three-dose primary schedule for infants with a booster administered in the second year of life. Rates of Hib disease in individual countries that use these schedules have fallen gradually after implementation and control of Hib disease has been sustained. 1 Granoff DM Assessing efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: S278-S287 Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar , 2 van Alphen L Spanjaard L van der Ende A Schuurman I Dankert J Effect of nationwide vaccination of 3-month-old infants in The Netherlands with conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: high efficacy and lack of herd immunity. J Pediatr. 1997; 131: 869-873 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar Hib conjugate vaccines were introduced into the UK infant immunisation schedule in October, 1992, with some important differences. Three doses were introduced into the infant immunisation campaign with no provision of a booster in the second year of life, plus a catch-up campaign (a single dose given to all children under the age of 5 years within 1 calendar year of introduction) was implemented. 3 Heath PT McVernon J The UK Hib vaccine experience. Arch Dis Child. 2002; 86: 396-399 Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar The rates of Hib disease in all vaccinated children fell rapidly, as did the rates in unvaccinated children. This herd effect was probably due to the documented reduction in nasopharyngeal carriage, which reduced transmission of Hib to the unvaccinated. 3 Heath PT McVernon J The UK Hib vaccine experience. Arch Dis Child. 2002; 86: 396-399 Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar Thus the initial control of Hib disease in the UK has been influenced by the strategy used to introduce the vaccine—ie, additional catch-up immunisation of children less than 5 years of age. In countries such as the Netherlands where the Hib conjugate vaccine was introduced in 1993 but was only provided within the infant immunisation programme (doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months) with no catch-up campaign, it has taken longer to control the disease. 2 van Alphen L Spanjaard L van der Ende A Schuurman I Dankert J Effect of nationwide vaccination of 3-month-old infants in The Netherlands with conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: high efficacy and lack of herd immunity. J Pediatr. 1997; 131: 869-873 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or olderDuring normal ageing, the gradual loss of telomeric DNA in dividing somatic cells can contribute to replicative senescence, apoptosis, or neoplastic transformation. In the genetic disorder dyskeratosis congenita, telomere shortening is accelerated, and patients have premature onset of many age-related diseases and early death. We aimed to assess an association between telomere length and mortality in 143 normal unrelated individuals over the age of 60 years. Those with shorter telomeres in blood DNA had poorer survival, attributable in part to a 3·18-fold higher mortality rate from heart disease (95% CI 1·36–7·45, p=0·0079), and an 8·54-fold higher mortality rate from infectious disease (1·52–47·9, p=0·015). Full-Text PDF" @default.
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- W2116700454 date "2003-02-01" @default.
- W2116700454 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2116700454 title "Conjugate Hib vaccines" @default.
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- W2116700454 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12441-5" @default.
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