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• W2116714879 abstract "Note: The editorial note that follows was meant to be published as an introduction to the Review Article by Johnson and Leon that culminates their series of papers on chemical coding in the olfactory bulb, but was inadvertantly omitted in the print edition of the Journal. For most sensory systems, but not for olfaction, the representation within the brain includes an orderly topographic mapping of the sensory sheet onto the primary and higher-order centers. In the visual system the photoreceptor layer is topographically mapped onto the ganglion cell layer and the ganglion cells themselves are mapped onto thalamic nuclei and thence onto visual cortex. Similarly, the tonotopic sensitivity of the basilar membrane in the auditory system is topographically mapped in the cochlear nuclei, and in turn the thalamic nuclei and cortex. Perhaps most elegant is the somatosensory system, which is first organized as a map of the skin surface in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord followed by the dorsal column nuclei, somatosensory relay nuclei in the thalamus, and finally onto somatosensory cortex. The quality of the sensation, e.g., color for vision or touch, tickle or pain for somatic sensation, is encoded by different neurons or firing patterns within the overall topographic representation. The olfactory system is unique among sensory systems. There is not a precise topographic mapping of the olfactory epithelium onto the olfactory bulb, which serves as the primary sensory nucleus for olfaction. Rather, axons from olfactory sensory neurons scattered across broad swaths of the epithelium converge onto specific glomeruli, which are balls of neuropil in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb. Although not topographically organized, these connections are nonetheless precise in that all of the sensory neurons projecting to a single glomerulus express the same odorant receptor, 1 out of 1,000 possibilities, preserving the odorant or molecular specificity initially established by the sensory neurons in the epithelium (Ressler et al., 1994; Vasser et al., 1994). Thus, the main organizing principle of the olfactory system is according to odor response specificity rather than according to the position of a sensory neuron across the epithelial sheet. This imparts onto the olfactory bulb the property of being organized according to functional specificity, molecular specificity or odor responsiveness, rather than somatotopy (or in this case, rhinotopy). The idea that the olfactory bulb is organized according to a functionally defined scheme is, however, not new. The concept of a functionally defined organization in the bulb was first offered by Lord Adrian who, in 1950, noted that different parts of the olfactory bulb respond to different sorts of odors. As described in the historical perspective of the accompanying review, this concept was supported by later experiments by Le Gros Clark, Levetau, and MacLeod, and Pinching and Døving. In the mid-1970s Gordon Shepherd and co-workers introduced the 2-deoxyglucose technique as a method that could be used to differentially map activity induced in the glomerular layer by exposure of the animal to different odorants. These studies showed unequivocally that specific regions of the glomerular sheet of the olfactory bulb were active when the animal was exposed to different odors and that one could generate an odor-topic map. Numerous studies in diverse organisms have since established that odor-topic organization is a key principle for all olfactory systems, whether in a vertebrate or invertebrate. The principle of a bulbar mapping of odor “space” does not, however, entirely resolve the issue of odor representation in the brain. Each odor receptor responds not to stimulation by a single odorant, but rather to particular chemical features of the odorant molecule. Thus, a single odor receptor molecule will recognize a molecular feature, e.g., a particular ring structure, common to many different odor molecules. Conversely, the different molecular features of a single odorant molecule may activate numerous odor receptor molecules. Accordingly, the overall pattern of glomerular activation—which is the key to odor recognition—will depend on the molecular features of odorants. A recent article in the Journal by Johnson et al. (J Comp Neurol 502:468–482; and its associated commentary (J Comp Neurol 503:1–34) represent the culmination of a decade-long work by these investigators in studying the representation of odorant space in the olfactory bulb. The authors adopted 2-deoxyglucose as a means of mapping activity in the olfactory bulb glomeruli in response to odor stimulation. Application of this method demonstrated that a given odor produces a repeatable pattern of activity across the glomerular array, and that these patterns are related to the chemical structure of the particular odorant. The commentary was invited by the editors to allow the authors an opportunity to put this body of work into a larger context. Following this editorial is the list of articles by Johnson, Leon and colleagues describing the 2-deoxyglucose method and its utility in describing odor space in the olfactory bulb: For other citations, the reader should refer to the review by Johnson et al. (J Comp Neurol 503:1–34). The editors thank Diego Restrepo and Charles Greer for useful discussion and review of these editorial notes." @default.
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• W2116714879 title "Editor's remarks: Chemotopic odorant coding in a mammalian olfactory system, Johnson et al., J Comp Neurol 503:1–34" @default.
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