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• W211706944 abstract "THROUGHOUT the early modern period, Scandinavian leaders agonized about their kingdoms' status. Northern elites fretted that their realms did not measure up to what one Swedish nobleman called the of continental and scrutinized those civil nations for means of improving their states, societies, and cultures. To suit elite notions of identity and the particular situations of the northern kingdoms, Scandinavians so altered their Continental models that they in turn were taken as examples by other European states. The following essays work through Scandinavian efforts to adopt the ideas and practices of leading European states and their commercial, political, artistic, social, and military ramifications. Taken together, they suggest a deep congruence between histories of war, social change, the development of institutions and state-building, broad histories of ideas and culture, and histories of specific arts, such as music. They thus offer an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of emulation, transformation, and competition and explore the creativity embedded in reception, the complexity of perceptions of backwardness and isolation, and the integration implicit in competition. Scholarly interest in the rich web of connections linking early modern and the Continent and in assessments of the Baltic as a coherent cultural, political, and economic region has grown considerably since the 1980s. (1) The Scandinavian Journal of History recently dedicated a special double-issue to the theme of cultural traffic in the early modern Baltic (volume 28, nos. 3-4 [December 2003]), based on a conference on the same theme held at the Carlsberg Academy in Copenhagen in March 2003. An international consortium of universities has even come together (1998) to form the Northern European Historical Research Network, which is dedicated to studying the historical connections between the states of the North from a consciously transnational perspective. (2) This growing body of scholarship speaks to two different, yet related, audiences. First, and perhaps primarily, it reminds scholars of early modern at large that was an integral part of the European state and cultural systems that must not be marginalized. At the same time, it reminds those who specialize in early modern that we have too often been content to embrace a small (and isolated) is beautiful attitude toward our material without exploring the broader European contexts within which our developments occurred, the broader European ramifications that they entailed, or the broader scholarly debates to which our studies could contribute. The present collection of essays adds to the literature on Scandinavia and Europe by examining new material from a perspective that emphasizes the active Scandinavian participation in larger European discourses and developments. The essays are united by their underlying narratives about nation-building and the relationship between sentiment and reception, be it of musical fashion, military reform, or economic policy. Historians often assume identity manifested itself in the rejection, rather than emulation, of foreign models, a view that has its roots in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century sentiment that achievement in fields like art, music, literature, and science should be valued not only in competitive terms, but also through the development of distinctive styles (see Cubitt). These styles, moreover, were assumed to be expressions of something fundamental to the national character or of some native genius that could be reached only through the use of indigenous raw materials. (3) Scholars of early modern and have noted the complex relationships between region, linguistic group, geography, and visual-cultural zones that governed notions of identity. (4) As the following essays demonstrate, the interests of an emerging nation, and the ability of a foreign art form, language, military, economic, political, or architectural model to advance these interests were not incompatible. …" @default.
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• W211706944 date "2005-09-22" @default.
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• W211706944 title "Emulation and Competition Introduction: Early Modern Scandinavian Transformations of European Examples" @default.
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